PATTERN OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN NIGERIA

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PATTERN OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN EKWULOBIA TOWN IN ANAMBRA STATE OF NIGERIA

 
BACKGROUND:

Childhood overweight and obesity is a health hazard and is an emerging public health problem.

OBJECTIVE:

The objective of this study is to determine the pattern of overweight and obesity and influencing factors among secondary school students in Ekwulobia town in Anambra state of Nigeria. METHODS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Subjects were selected randomly using multistage sampling technique. 250 students aged 12-19 years from three schools were studied. Calibrated mechanical weighing scale was used to measure their weights. Heights were measured with rigid meter rule. A semi-structured, selfadministered questionnaire was used to collect data on their physical activities, dietary habits and parent’s occupation.

RESULTS: 

Mean age of the students was 15.6 years ± 1.75. Overall prevalence of overweight and obesity among them were 5.6 percent and 3.2 percent respectively. Females were more overweight than males (7.8% and 3.3% respectively), and also more obese (4.6% and 1.7% respectively). Prevalence of obesity was highest in the 18- 20 year age group (5.6%). Prevalence of overweight and obesity (combined) was higher in private school (10.7%) than in public schools (6.0%). Frequent consumption of soft drinks, meat pie, biscuit, sweet; and frequent television watching promoted obesity
(P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.05, P<0.05 and P<0.001 respectively). Occasional physical
exercise, promoted overweight (P<0.05). 


CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDENTIONS:

Gradual increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity was found. However these are still much lower than in developed countries. Faulty dietary eating habits and sedentary activities are major culprits. This constitutes a major public health challenge. I therefore recommend the following: Health education in schools, and media campaigns are needed. Policy makers, Health professionals, School authorities, Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) should be involved in primary preventive actions against childhood overweight and obesity

COLONIALISM, VIOLENCE AND EMANCIPATION IN FRANTZ FANON: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL

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CHAPTER ONE /INTRODUCTION 1.1

 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The phenomenon of violence which occurs in our society almost on daily basis together with the works of some scholars on colonialism and emancipation was what provoked this research work. My interest to embark on this work was also captured by the colonization of Africa and Africa’s struggle for emancipation which was approached from different dimensions by some African scholars. Some of these African scholars fought for their independence through dialogue while others got theirs through either intellectual protest or physical violence. Frantz Fanon among other African scholars advocated violence for the emancipation of Algeria, hence he advocated same approach to Africa as a whole. But why would Fanon opt for violence? The above question can well be answered if we reflect on how Africans were treated during the era of colonization. The abolition of slave trade in the nineteenth century ushered in another form of enslavement of the Africans called colonialism. This was made possible by the 1885 Berlin Conference that brought about the sharing and partitioning of Africa among some European countries like England, France, Belgium, Portugal, and Germany. The decision and action of these European countries “…were taken without any reference to the wishes and aspirations of the people about whom they took their decision.”1 Africans resisted but the imperialists were able to subdue them. Africa, however, became the colony of these Western States. The Africans were considered by the Westerners as having no soul or put in other words, living tool. They were oppressed, suppressed, marginalized, molested, discriminated against, treated as savages, and lastly as inanimate objects. The Africans lost their right, dignity and freedom. Freedom as a phenomenon is paramount in every person’s life. When it is denied any person or group of people, there is the tendency that they would fight back to regain their freedom. To regain this freedom might take a violent process. Far from regaining freedom through violence, it could also be argued that violence is a phenomenon which appears to occur in the society almost on daily basis. John Odey captures it thus, “…every human society has within its structure some roots of violence which often tend to polarize the people into two main groups: the oppressors and the oppressed.”2 Violence is a phenomenon which naturally occurs in the lives of some human beings. It can come through psychological or physical means. As psychological violence, violence may take the form of discrimination on grounds of race, colour, religion and sex. As physical violence, it may take the form of brutality, aggression, cruelty and 13 fighting. Adebola Ekanola opines, “A constant feature of society is violence in its various manifestations. People appear to be too quick in resorting to violence as a means of achieving desired ends without exhausting all non-violent alternatives.”3 Naturally, every human being would want to fight back when he or she is stroke at or when his or her right is infringed upon. To this end some see it “…as not only inevitable but necessary in society,”4 and it is there argument also that, “…social progress cannot be recorded without violence.”5 In the entire globe with particular reference to Africa and the Middle East, uprisings and violent revolutions are on the increase. In Africa, violence is experienced in countries like Nigeria, Liberia, Rwanda, Kenya, Somali and Sudan. Violence often times arises as a result of ethnic hatred and its attendant physical clashes, violent revolution for emancipation and political assassinations. How justified then is violence? Must all fight or conflict be settled with violence? Are some people more violent than others? Can nonviolence ever be used to achieve a course? If Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jnr. used nonviolence to achieve their goal, where lies the justification of violence? If violence can sometimes be used to achieve a course, is it not wise to adopt it? In our world and Africa of today is it wise to adopt violence to settle disputes? How many individuals of today will be willing to pursue a course 14 through the violent means? Can dialogue be used in settling of conflict and disputes? If it can, how far can it go? Dialogue did not interest Fanon neither did nonviolence tickle his fancy. He instead opted for physical violence and his main thesis was the struggle against oppression, and colonialism was the target of this fury. Fanon’s interest was captured by the ugly experience he had in Algeria. His philosophy of violence began with his experience of treating wounded Front Liberation Nationale (FLN) rebels which he joined and later became their journalist. His experience in the army also resulted to his positing violence as the solution to colonialism. In the army, he experienced discrimination of the highest order. There, white French troops were separated from Black West Indians, who were supposed to be French citizens. Black African soldiers were also segregated from French troops as were Arab Africans, whom the French reviled and treated in their own soil like pariahs. Fanon’s experience in the army came at the time that the French confronted German fascism. He fought the war as an adolescent with all these experiences fresh in his mind. The segregation impact indirectly shaped his understanding of violence. He called this racism, “…the psychiatric disorder of colonialism.”6 All these experiences made Fanon to posit greater violence as a measure to counter violence which is colonialism. He stated it clearly that, “Colonialism is 15 not a thinking machine, nor a body endowed with reasoning faculties. It is violence in its natural state, and it will only yield when confronted with greater violence.”7 He therefore, called on all Africans to indulge in decolonization through the violent process since violence and cruelty are the major features of colonialism. Succinctly put, Fanon believes that the true liberation of Africa from the colonial domination must be through violence. The question to ask is; In the present Africa, can the use of physical violence be used to emancipate ourselves even as we still experience neocolonialism? Can our arms match the sophisticated arms of our so called neo-colonizers? How best can we emancipate ourselves in isolation of violence? This thesis seeks to find the best alternative to violence in the face of conflicts and disputes

AN APPRAISAL OF THE UTILIZATION OF INSECTICIDE TREATED NETS BY PREGNANT WOMEN

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AN APPRAISAL OF THE UTILIZATION OF INSECTICIDE TREATED NETS BY PREGNANT WOMEN IN ENUGU CAPITAL. TERRITORY: SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS

Abstract

A descriptive cross-sectional survey of pregnant women in Enugu metropolis was carried out between the months of July and September 2010. This was done to appraise their utilization of insecticide-treated nets currently known as Long Lasting Insecticide Nets (LLIN), taking into consideration any socio-cultural and economic factors that
may influence net use. A total of 283 respondents returned their questionnaires and were analyzed accordingly. The mean age of the respondent was 30 ± 5.9 years. The majority (96.5%) of them were Christians. The study revealed an overall utilization rate of (20.1%) while the rate of ownership or possession of ITN was (35.7%). The awareness of the respondents about the benefits of ITN was markedly high (87.9%). On the contrary, the possession rate was low (35.7%). The electronic media Radio/TV played the highest role (49.9%) as the source of information about ITN to the study population, while ITN knowledge was highest among pregnant women who had formal education up to the
tertiary level. Culture and Religion appeared to have no significant influence on the utilization of ITN by the pregnant women. The common reasons were given for not having ITN which were most significant included inability to afford the price and not knowing how to get it, while poor ventilation was the most significant reason given for not sleeping under ITN.  However, the majority of the women (88.3%) perceived ITNs as being safe to sleep under.
White nets (49.5%) were the most preferred by the respondent as opposed to red which was the least preferred.
Majority of the respondents (28.3%) use ITNs more regularly during Rainy reason.
 
 
 

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF CHILD HEALTH SERVICES IN THE PUBLIC PRIMARY HEALTH CARE FACILITIES IN NIGERIA

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ACHIEVING THE MDG 4: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF
CHILD HEALTH SERVICES IN THE PUBLIC PRIMARY HEALTH
CARE FACILITIES IN NNEWI NORTH LGA OF ANAMBRA STATE.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES

To assess the quality of child health services and its determinants in the PHC facilities
of Nnewi North Local Government (NNLG) Area Anambra state.
Specific objectives
1. To determine the availability of child health services in PHC facilities of NNLG
Area Anambra state.
2. To examine the health resources (human, material and financial) available for the
provision of child health services in PHC facilities of NNLG Area Anambra state.
3. To study the quality of supervision of child health services in the PHC facilities.
4. To assess the level of clients’ satisfaction with care received at these PHC
facilities.
5. To identify factors influencing the quality of child health services in NNLG
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
Title Page i
Approval Page ii
Declaration iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
List of Abbreviations vi-vii
Table of contents viii & x
List of tables xi
List of figures xii
List of Appendices xiii
Abstract xiv
Chapter One
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Problem Statement 2
1.2 Justification of the study 2&3
1.3 Aim and Objectives 3
Chapter Two
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Background to the study: Child Health Services. 4
2.1.1 Child Survival Strategies 6
2.1.2 Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses 6
2.1.3 Acute Respiratory Tract Infections 7
2.1.4 Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases 7
ix
2.1.5 Breastfeeding Initiative 8
2.2 Historical Perspective of Quality of Health Care 8
2.3 Quality of Care 10
2.4 Quality Assessment 10
2.4.1 Structure 10
2.4.2 Process 11
2.4.3 Outcome 11
2.5 Quality of Health Care for children 11
2.6 Quality of PHC and Child Health Services in Nigeria 12
2.7 Availability of child health services 14
2.8 Health Resources for Primary Health Care 15
2.8.1 Manpower 15
2.8.2 Availability of equipments, drugs and supplies 16
2.8.3 Health Care Financing 17
2.9 Supervision 17
2.10 Clients’and Providers’ satisfaction 18
Chapter Three
3.0 METHODOLOGY 19
3.1 Description of the study area 19&20
3.2 Study Design 20
3.3 The Study Population 20
3.4 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 20
3.5 Sample size 21
3.6 Sampling Technique 22&23
3.7 Methods of Data Collection 23
x
3.8 Pretesting 24
3.9 Data Entry and Analysis 25&26
3.10 Ethical Consideration 26
3.11 Anticipated constraint 27
Chapter Four
4.0 Results 28-53
Chapter Five
5.0 DISCUSSION 54-57
Chapter Six
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSION 58
RECOMMENDATIONS 58&59
REFERENCES 60-65
APPENDICES 66-86

Contents

The Emerging Trend of Fake News and its Implication in Nigeria's Democracy

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The Emerging Trend of Fake News and its Implication in Nigeria’s Democracy

Abstract

Since the rising to notoriety of the present ‘genre’ of malicious content peddled as ‘fake news’ (mostly over social media) in 2016 during the United States’ presidential election, barely three years until Nigeria’s 2019 general elections, fake news has made dangerously damaging impacts on the Nigerian society socially, politically and economically. Notably, the escalating herder-farmer communal clashes in the northern parts of the country, ethno-religious crises in Taraba, Plateau and Benue states and the furiously burningfire of the thug-of-war between the ruling party (All Progressives Congress, APC) and the opposition, particularly the main opposition party (People’s Democratic Party, PDP) have all been attributed to fake news, untruth and political prop1aganda. This paper aims to provide further understanding about the evolving issues regarding fake news and its demonic impact on the Nigerian polity. To make that contribution toward building the literature, extant literature and verifiable online news content on fake news and its attributes were critically reviewed. This paper concludes that fake news and its associated notion of post-truth may continue to pose threat to the Nigerian polity unless strong measures are taken. For the effects of fake news and post-truth phenomena to be suppressed substantially, a tripartite participation involving these key stakeholders –the government, legislators and the public should be modelled and implemented to the letter.
INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Nigeria is a country in tension characterised by security threats in different parts of the country. These threats are manifested in forms of multiple conflicts, systemic and widespread corruption, debilitating poverty, weak institutions, threats of secession as well as perceived marginalisation, anger, hatred and economic challenges in a time when preference for untrue information is rising – i.e., post-truth era (Harsin, 2018; Pate, 2018 September 7). These issues are offensively, progressively and relentlessly destroying relationships, heightening animosities across communities and threatening democratic survival in the country (Pate, 2018 September 7). Arguably, all of that are facilitated by the revolution in information and communication technologies (ICT) that have democratised and simplified access and dissemination of information across space and time (Ibrahim & Adamu, 2016; Pate & Idris, 2017).
Cited in Premium Times Nigeria, Professor Umaru Pate, the Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies, Bayero University, Kano (BUK) explained that like many other countries, Nigeria, too, is battling with the rise in populism politics, youth radicalisation, extremism, terrorism, drug and human trafficking, ethnic nationalism, hate and dangerous speech, fake news and the rewriting of the country‟s history, among others. Indeed, these are critical times for the media and the country. The political climate in the country has changed rapidly in recent years, signaling innovative developments and strange challenges in the country‟s democratic system. By and large, the current political culture in the country is inextricably linked to the growing development of information and communication technologies (ICT) (Audu, 2018 September 9; Pate, 2018 September 7). Cited in Vanguard, Professor Danjuma Gambo, the Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Maiduguri who is also the Director, Public Relations of the university agrees with Professor Pate that fake news can mislead the public and cause tension in an already tense political climate with communal and reprisal attacks here and there in addition to the Boko Haram conflict. He stressed that if the media would cultivate the culture of verifying information and fact checking (if necessary) before going to press, the spread of fake news can be contained (Marama, 2017 August 10).
This has severally affected the delivery and form of political communication and the communication of political ideas in our democratic system, as well as shifted and undermined the accountability for those messages. For instance, what was labelled „yellow journalism‟ and „character assassination/slander‟ have metamorphosed into what is today known as
„fake news‟ and „fraudulent news‟; these are terms that sound „big‟ and portend devastating effects in the society. These terms are fuelled and spread by the power of modern technology (Wasserman & Madrid-Morales, 2018; Agbese, 2017 December 31). In the words of Egan (2018, December 11, online), “online, lies and truth look the same. This has been a boon for professional liars, (who) use these platforms to market falsehood; as vehicles for personal fame, or, as a way to spread propaganda”. These have raised concerns that Nigerians are constantly and increasingly accessing inaccurate and/or misleading content without verification (gatekeeping) or verifiable attribution (Agbese, 2017; Hankey, Marrison, & Naik, 2018).
Fundamentally, the breed of „yellow journalism‟, „fabricated or manipulated stories‟ „fraudulent content‟ and „character assassination‟ and „fake news‟ are largely new technology-dependent (e.g., social media platforms and the internet) rather than traditional technologies such as radio, TV, newspaper or magazine (Okoro, Abara, Umagba, Ajonye, & Isa, 2018; Wasserman & Madrid-Morales, 2018 November 21). Thus, while we grapple with what modern technology has enabled us to do, “we also face a new wave of change, which we have only started to understand the ramifications of” (Hankey et al., 2018, p. 6). For example, the concerns around recent, or newer technologies such as „artificial intelligence‟ and „machine learning‟ show that any regulatory response to stem fake news peddled via new technologies, whether by state actors or technology developers, need to be as “dynamic as the technological mischief it seeks to contain” (Hankey et al., 2018, p. 6).
The critical question is: how can politics aid regulations to spur the development and sustainability of our democratic system while preserving its legitimacy to embrace internet-based and social media platforms in the context of  promoting the integrity and values of the democratic process in a multicultural Nigeria? This paper focuses on the trend of fake news and the emerging post-truth political era and their potential impacts on the Nigerian polity. Recommendations for mitigating the negative effects of fake news and post-truth political circumstances in the society are offered at the concluding sections.

Enforcement Of Human Rights Norms In Environmental Protection In Nigeria

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Enforcement Of Human Rights Norms In Environmental Protection In Nigeria

ABSTRACT

 
This research work examined the enforceability of human rights norms  in environmental protection. And critically reviews the functionality of human rights law in environmental protection and how it can be made to drive enforceability in order to reduce the impact of environmental stressors. The work treats the legal literature and theory of Environmental law and Human rights –and  factors  of  enforcement  of human rights law in Nigeria .It establishes that several theories have emerged, and a plethora of them have considered environmental human rights to  be those  rights that are within the realm of non- derogablerights. Making reference to the impact of international law stressors such as sovereignty, requirement of municipal ratification with particular reference to section 12  of 1999 Constitution of   the Federal Republic   of Nigeria as amended and the conservative and narrow  interpretations  of  human rights law provisions that stress the enforceability of human rights norms in environmental protection, the paper surveys and  maintains  a  well-  balanced assessment of specific instruments such as, in the global setting, the United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development (1986), the United Nations Charter (1945)”, among others; and in the regional setting, the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (1981) as domesticated in Nigeria by Cap.10 LFN 1983 and  subsequently by Cap A9 LFN 2004 among others, and significantly, the Fundamental Rights(Enforcement Procedure) Rules (2009) and the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria as amended, including their  policy consciousness,  functionality and limitations. The key question that needs an answer is whether and to what extent Nigerian law guarantees applicability of human rights norms in environmental protection? In an attempt to answer this question, weexamined the extent to which domestic laws reflect the aspirations of globalenvironmental norms and means  by which they are structured. The problem is settled with an answer to a fundamentalquestion. First, to what level of enforceability are the policies emanating from these non- derogable laws, directly and  practically implemented  and  applicable in Nigeria? This study therefore discovers that even with the applicability of African Charter on Human and Peoples Rightsamongst other associated lawswhich have been enhanced by the provisions of the  Fundamental  Rights  (Enforcement  Procedure) Rules  (2009), compliance to, and      enforcement of environmental rights in Nigeria remains challenging
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page – – – – – – – – i
Certification – – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgments – – – – – – – – iv
Table of Contents – – – – – – – v
Table of Cases – – – – – – – vii
Table of Legal Instruments – – – – – – – x
Table of Abbreviations – – – – – – – xxi
Abstract – – – – – – – – xxv
CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study – – – – – – 1
Statement of Problem – – – – – – 2
Aims and Objectives of Study – – – – – 3
Scope and Limitation of Study – – – – – 4
Research Methodology – – – – – 4
Research Questions – – – – – 4
Literature Review – – – – – – – 5
CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPTUAL DISCOURSE
Meaning of Human Rights – – – – – – 15
Origin and Nature of Human Rights – – – – – 18
Characteristics of Human Rights – – – – – 23
Generation of Human Rights – – – – – – 24
Derogable and Non Derogable Rights – – – – 31
Notion of Human Rights Standards – – – – – 33
Concept of Environment – – – – – 34
Nature and scope of Environmental Law – – – – 36
Concept of Enforcement 43
Concept of Environmental Protection- – – – 50
Concept of Environmental Rights – – – – – 57
CHAPTER THREE: ANALYSIS OF LEGAL FOUNDATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS
Evolution of Environmental Rights – – – – – 56
Right to life and to a safe and Healthy Environment – – – 73
Right of Access to Environmental Information – – – 77
Right to Participation in Environmental Decision making – – 79
Right of Access to Environmental Justice and Remedies – – 80
Right to Development – – 84
CHAPTER FOUR:ISSUES, CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS IN NIGERIA
4.1 Issues Relating to Justiciability and Judicial Attitude – – 87
4.2 Challenges in the Enforcement of Environmental Rights – – 89
4.3 Prospects – – 93
CHAPTER FIVE: FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONSAND CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Findings – – – – – – – 103
5.2 Recommendations – – – – – – – 104
5.3 Conclusions – – – – – – – – 105
Bibliography – – – – – – – – 107

The Economic Implications of CORONAVIRUS Towards Global Economy

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The Economic Implications of CORONAVIRUS Towards Global Economy

The outbreak of the coronavirus in 2020 dealt a blow to the global economy, threatening consumption and tourism. It also risks undermining business sentiment.
Most economic studies of the impact of pandemics such as the SARS virus in 2003 have been undertaken by epidemiologists who tend to focus on the cost-benefit of vaccination.There are only a handful that analyse the broader economic impact. Still, a 2006 study by the World Bank provides some useful insight.
While the World Bank model is based upon a flu-style epidemic similar to that in 1918 – which killed 50 million people and affected up to a fifth of the global population – its assumptions are relatively conservative: a fatality rate of 2.5 per cent and a 20 per cent decline in tourism and services output (restaurants, air travel and other non-essential consumer spending).1
Its epidemiological assumptions are more or less in keeping with what is currently estimated for the coronavirus, known as 2019-nCoV.
According to the model, world output would shrink by as much as 3 per cent were 2019-nCoV to spread as broadly as the 1918 epidemic, with differences between regions fairly negligible. For comparison, in the aftermath of the US subprime mortgage crisis, global GDP contracted by 0.1 per cent in 2009, with advanced economies shrinking 3.4 per cent and developing markets expanding by 2.9 per cent.
The SARS outbreak of 2003 is another point of reference, though in this case the impact was largely confined to China and its neighbours. For the whole of that year, air travel declined 75 per cent between Hong Kong and China while retail sales dropped some 15 per cent in the mainland.
Household surveys in China taken immediately after the SARS epidemic indicated that, in the second quarter of 2003, the virus caused disposable income to drop more than 20 per cent (due to illness, absenteeism, increased spending on prevention and healthcare).
The economy rebounded rapidly in the subsequent quarters, which meant the epidemic ended up shaving only about 1 percentage point from China’s growth that year. Such a recovery would be less likely in the event of a full-blown flu pandemic, which typically lasts a year or so.
Even if the epidemiological assumptions turn out to be excessively pessimistic, it appears likely that 2019-nCoV will have a more severe economic impact than SARS. The timing of the outbreak at Lunar New Year is unfortunate. The effect on New Year retail spending has already been dramatic. Passenger travel has decreased by 29 per cent compared to last year’s first day of the Lunar New Year. Cinemas have been mostly shut and ticket receipts are down 99 per cent.
(Conversely, manufacturing would have been largely at a standstill during the public holidays in any case, so the impact on the supply side is somewhat reduced.)
It appears likely that 2019-nCoV will have a more severe economic impact than SARS
While the authorities in China appear to have been speedier in their response this time around (compared to 2003) – 15 cities in Hubei province are in lockdown and the New Year break has been extended – the risk is that a significant portion of the Chinese workforce will be stranded in the wrong place once the holidays end.
And China matters more to the global economy now than it did in 2003. Much more. Then, it represented 4.4 per cent of global GDP. Now its share is 15.4 per cent.
What is more, its integration into global supply chains is significant, particularly in technology. Then there’s the Chinese consumer. China’s consumer spending now accounts for a bigger proportion of domestic and world growth. Which means the impact of a decline in household expenditure could be far greater this time round.There is also room for fiscal stimulus – in fact in 2003 China cut both business tax and corporation tax.
This would come as a relief to equity investors. It’s worth remembering that the MSCI global index sold off by up to 4 per cent in the month after the SARS epidemic started, only to recover very strongly afterward – though the Asian equity markets lagged by around six months.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A BIOMETRIC STUDENTS’ TIME AND ATTENDANCE LOGGING SYSTEM

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A BIOMETRIC STUDENTS’ TIME AND ATTENDANCE LOGGING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

In recent time, there has been high level of impersonation experienced on a daily basis in both private and public sectors, the ghost worker syndrome which has become a menace across all tiers of government, employers concerns over the levels of employee absence in their workforce and the difficulty in managing student attendance during lecture periods. Fingerprints are a form of biometric identification which is unique and does not change in one’s entire lifetime. This paper presents the biometric attendance logging system using fingerprint technology for Students in a university environment. It consists of two processes namely; enrolment and authentication. During enrolment, the fingerprint of the user is captured and its unique features extracted and stored in a database along with the users identity as a template for the subject. During authentication, the fingerprint of the user is captured again and the extracted features compared with the template in the database to determine a match before attendance is made. The fingerprint-based attendance management system was implemented with Arduino Framework for the Hardware and Firmware while Microsoft’s C# on the. NET framework was used for the User Interface and Microsoft’s Structured Query Language (SQL) Server 2005 as the backend database. The experimental result shows that the developed system is highly vResearch would be useful to find improved ways of record keeping and co-ordination of existing records which will provide useful data for health promotion activities. Today in Nigeria, death by accidents far exceed those by any communicable diseases in the country, road accident have been recognized as a major public health problem in Nigeria for some time (Asogwa,1978).efficient in the verification of users fingerprint with an accuracy level of 97.4%. The average execution time for the developed system was 4.29 seconds as against 18.48 seconds for the existing system. Moreover, the result shows a well secured and reliable system capable of preventing impersonation

STUDENT ATTENDANCE MONITORING SYSTEM USING FINGERPRINT

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ABSTRACT
 
This project is on the design and development of portable and reliable fingerprint based student attendance monitoring system that can be used to monitor attendance of the student. It will eliminate the problems of manual method. The new system utilizes a portable fingerprint scanner as the input to acquire fingerprint images and notebook personal computer as the mobile terminal for the processing of the images and records attendance. It also include database to store student’s information and attendance records. Visual Basic.net was used as the programming language to develop this system. The system was tested and found working correctly.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Pages
Cover page
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables x
List of Figures x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 3
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 4
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 4
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 4
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 5
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS 6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 WHAT IS BIOMETRICS 7
2.2 HISTORY OF BIOMETRICS 9
2.3 TYPES OF BIOMETRIC DEVICES AVAILABLE 14
2.3.1 RETINA SCANNER 15
2.3.2 IRIS SCANNER 17
2.3.3 FINGERPRINT SCANNER 19
2.3.4 FACIAL BIOMETRICS 22
2.3.5 VOICE RECOGNITION 24
2.3.6 HAND PRINT PATTERNS 24
2.3.7 DNA FINGERPRINT 26
2.3.8 DEEP TISSUE ILLUMINATION 26
2.3.9 VOICE PRINT KEYSTROKE PATTERN 26
2.4 APPLICATION AREAS OF BIOMETRICS 27
2.5 RELATED STUDIES 31
2.6 SUMMARY OF REVIEW 34
CHAPTER THREE: SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
3.1 ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM 36
3.2 JUSTIFICATIONS OF THE NEW SYSTEM 37
3.3 METHODOLOGY 37
3.4 DATA COLLECTION 39
3.5 THE PROPOSED NEW SYSTEM 39
3.6 DATA STRUCTURE 44
CHAPTER FOUR: SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION, TESTING AND INTEGRATION
4.1 CHOICE OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE 46
4.2 THE SYSTEM MAIN MENU IMPLEMENTATION 47
4.2.1 MAIN MENU 47
4.2.2 ADMIN LOGIN PAGE 48
4.2.3 LECTURER ACTIVATOR SETUP PAGE 49
4.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUB-SYSTEM 50
4.4 QUERY SUB-SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 53
4.5 SYSTEM TESTING AND INTEGRATION 54
4.6 TEST PLAN 54
4.7 TEST DATA 54
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 SUMMARY 55
5.2 RECOMMENDATION 56
5.3 CONCLUSION 57
REFERENCES

LIST OF NIGERIA ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS

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LIST OF NIGERIA ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS

  •  Criminal Code Act55

Relevant sections of the law provide for the prevention public health hazards under Sections 245 to 248 which criminalise fouling of water56, burial in houses, vitiating of the atmosphere and selling matches made with phosphorous.

  • The Oil Pipelines Act 1956

The Act makes provision for licences to be granted for the establishment and maintenance of pipelines incidental and supplementary to oil fields and oil mining, and for purposes ancillary to such pipelines. This Act provides a compensation regime to compensate the owner of any land, whose land or interest in land is injuriously affected by the transportation of mineral oil or natural gas.57 This Act is commendable for making provisions for the courts to play roles that will ensure just assessment of compensation not only for damages done to buildings, profitable tress or crops, loss of value in land or interest in land, disturbance or damage suffered by reason of or as a consequence of a holder’s negligence.58

  • The Oil Mineral (Safety) Regulations 1963

 
This regulation forbids the discharge of noxious or inflammable gas and penalizes its contravention.

  • Petroleum Regulation 1967

This prohibits the discharge or escape of petroleum into waters within harbor areas and makes provision for precaution in the conveyance of petroleum and rules for safe operations of pipelines.

  • Oil in Navigable Waters Act 196859

Under this Act the discharge of oil or any mixture containing oil into the territorial or navigable inland waters is prohibited.

  • The FEPA Regime

The Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) Decree came as an awakening when toxic waste was dumped in a small town of Koko inDelta State in 1988. Harmful Waste Degree 42 of 1988 also came in the wake of the Koko Toxic Waste Dump saga. Under the FEPA Act,the Agency was empowered to set national environmental standards with respect to water quality, air quality and noise control. FEPA also empowered to make recommendations regarding programmes for the control of any substances, practice, process or activity which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare.
As a legislative response to the Koko-type of problems, section 2(1) of the Act provides that “the discharge in such harmful quantities of any hazardous substances into the air or upon the land and the waters of Nigeria or at the joining shoreline is prohibited, except where such discharge is permitted or authorized under any law in force in Nigeria”. The FEPA law provided a penalty of N100, 000 ($ 275.10) or imprisonments up to ten years in the case of an individual offender and a whopping sum of N500, 000.00 ($ 1, 375.52) for corporate bodies. N500 ($ 1.38) is imposed for everyday the offence subsisted. The offender, in addition to the fine or imprisonment stated above would also be required to pay:
The cost of removal thereof, including any costs, which may be incurred by any Government body or agency on the restoration or replacement of natural resources damaged or destroyed as a result of the
cost of third parties in the form of reparation, restoration, restitution or compensation as may be determined by the Agency and any other relevant policy.
This was the position of the law for the prevention of environmental degradation in Nigeria before the passage of National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESRA) Act 2007.

  • The National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency -NESREA Regime

As the scope of FEPA began to broaden, a new agency was set up to cope more effectively withthe new challenges. FEPA metamorphose into National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) by NESREA Act 2007.NESREA has branches in all the States of the Federation of Nigeria. NESREA mandate includes: monitoring, reduction, and protection of theNigeria environment.
 
The National Environmental Standard Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) is an agency of the federal ministry of Environment charged with the responsibility of enforcing all the environmental laws, regulations and standards in deterring people, industries and organization from polluting and degradingthe environment. NESREA Act was signed into law by former late President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua(GCFR) and this was published in the federal Republic of Nigeria
official gazett. NESREA has the mandate for protection and development of the environment, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of the Nigeria natural resources in general and environmental technology including coordination and liaison with relevant stake holders within and outside Nigerian on enforcement of standards,regulations, rules, laws, policies and guidelines.
 
Functions of the National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA)include:
Enforce compliance with laws, guidelines, policies and standards on and standard matters;
coordinate and liaison with stake holders within and outside Nigeria, matters on environmental standards, regulations and enforcement;
Enforce compliance with provisions of international agreements, protocol, conventions and treaties on the environment including climate change, biodiversity conservation, desertification, forestry, oil and gas, chemicals, agreements as may from time to time come into force;
Enforce compliance with policies, Standard, legislations and guidelines on water quality, environmental health and sanitation, including pollution abatement;
Enforce compliance with guidelines, and legislations policies, and legislations on sustainable management of the ecosystem, biodiversity, conservation development of the Nigeria natural resources,
Enforce compliance with any legislation on sound chemical management, safe use of pesticides, and disposal of spent packages
Enforce compliance with regulations on importation, exportation and distribution,storage, sale, use, handling and disposal of hazardous chemicals, and waste other than in the oil and gas sector;
Enforcethrough compliance monitoring, environmental regulations and Standards on noise, air, land, sea, oceans and other water bodies other than in the oil and gas sector
Ensure the environmental project funded by donor organization and external support agencies adhere to regulations in environmental safety and protection;
Enforce environmental control measures through registration, licensing and permitting system other than in the oil and gas sector;
Conductenvironmental audit and establish data bank on regulatory and enforcement mechanism of environmental standards other than in the oil and gas sector;
Create public awareness and provide environmental education on sustainable environmental management, promote private sector compliance with environmental regulations other than in the oil and gas sector and publish general scientific or other data resulting from the performance of its functions; and
Carry out such activities as are necessary or expedient for the performance of its

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