THE IMPACT OF OPEN MARKET OPERATION ON PRICE STABILITY IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The corporate finance literature has traditionally focused on the study of long-term financial decisions, particularly investments, capital structure, dividends or company valuation decisions. However, short-term assets and liabilities are important components of total assets and need to be carefully analyzed. Management of these short-term assets and liabilities warrants a careful investigation since the working capital management plays an important role in a firm’s profitability and risk as well as its value (Smith, 1980). Efficient management of working capital is a fundamental part of the overall corporate strategy in creating the shareholders’ value. Firms try to keep an optimal level of working capital that maximizes their value (Deloof, 2003; Howorth and Westhead, 2003 and Afza and Nazir, 2007).
Short term assets and liabilities management is a very important component of corporate finance because it directly affects the liquidity and profitability of the company. It deals with current assets and current liabilities. Short term assets and liabilities management is important due to many reasons (Peel, Wilson and Howorth, 2000). For one thing, the current assets of a typical manufacturing firm accounts for over half of its total assets. For a distribution company, they account for even more. Excessive levels of current assets can easily result in a firm’s realizing a substandard return on investment. However firms with too few current assets may incur shortages and difficulties in maintaining smooth operations (Van Horne and Wachowicz, 2000).
Efficient Short term assets and liabilities management involves planning and controlling current assets and current liabilities in a manner that eliminates the risk of inability to meet due short term obligations on the one hand and avoid excessive investment in these assets on the other hand (Eljelly, 2004). Many surveys have indicated that managers spend considerable time on day-to-day problems that involve working capital decisions. One reason for this is that current assets are short-lived investments that are continually being converted into other asset types (Rao 1989). With regard to current liabilities, the firm is responsible for paying these obligations on a timely basis. Liquidity for the ongoing firm is not reliant on the liquidation value of its assets, but rather on the operating cash flows generated by those assets (Soenen, 1993). Taken together, decisions on the level of different working capital components become frequent, repetitive, and time consuming. Short term assets and liabilities is a very sensitive area in the field of financial management (Joshi, 1994). It involves the decision of the amount and composition of current assets and the financing of these assets. Current assets include all those assets that in the normal course of business return to the form of cash within a short period of time, ordinarily within a year and such temporary investment as may be readily converted into cash upon need. The short term assets and liabilities of a firm in part affect its profitability.
The ultimate objective of any firm is to maximize the profit; however, preserving liquidity of the firm is also an important objective. The problem is that increasing profits at the cost of liquidity can bring serious problems to the firm. Therefore, there must be a tradeoff between these two objectives of the firms (Hall, 2002). One objective should not be at cost of the other because both have their importance. If we do not care about profit, we cannot survive for a longer period. On the other hand, if we do not care about liquidity, we may face the problem of insolvency or bankruptcy. For these reasons working capital management should be given proper consideration and will ultimately affect the profitability of the firm (see, Raheman and Nasr, 2007).
Maxwell, Gitman and Smith (1998) argue that firms may have an optimal level of working capital that maximizes their value. Large inventory and a generous trade credit policy may lead to high sales. Larger inventory reduces the risk of a stock-out. Trade credit may stimulate sales because it allows customers to assess product quality before paying (Long, Maltiz and Ravid, 1993, and Deloof and Jegers, 1996). Another component of these short-term assets and liabilities popularly called working capital is accounts payable (Dong and Su, 2010). Delaying payments to suppliers allows a firm to assess the quality of bought products, and can be an inexpensive and flexible source of financing for the firm. On the other hand, late payment of invoices can be very costly if the firm is offered a discount for early payment. A popular measure of Working Capital Management (WCM) is the cash conversion cycle, i.e. the time lag between the expenditure for the purchases of raw materials and the collection of sales of finished goods (Howorth and Westhead, 2003). The longer this time lag, the larger the investment in working capital (Deloof 2003). A longer cash conversion cycle might increase profitability because it leads to higher sales. However, corporate profitability might also decrease with the cash conversion cycle, if the costs of higher investment in working capital rise faster than the benefits of holding more inventories and/or granting more trade credit to customers.
Studies in corporate finance is, customarily, considered as the study of long term financial decisions, provision of long term assets and share and dividend policies. However topics of short term assets and liabilities finance are not less significant in developing an efficient corporate financial strategy not only in Nigeria but all over the world. To the best of my knowledge this area of finance considering the vital role short term assets and liabilities management play in increasing the shareholders’ value of a firm. Hence, relatively to western knowledge to provide an empirical analysis on the impact of short term assets and liabilities management on the profitability of manufacturing firms in Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
It appears in Nigeria that short term assets and liabilities are relatively neglected in spite of the fact that a high proportion of the business failures is due to poor decisions concerning the short term assets and liabilities of the firms. Hence, a poor decision on the part of the firm as regards its short term assets and liabilities in Nigeria could result to insolvency, high gearing ratio, loss of growth potentials of the firm amongst others.
Thus, important theoretical developments in finance during the past decade have provided the potential for improved decisions in business organisations (Alam, 2011). Unfortunately, internationally developments have not been uniform across all areas of financial decision making within and between business organisations. In a perfect business world, working capital assets and liabilities would not be necessary because there would be no uncertainty, no transaction costs, and no scheduling costs of production or constraints of technology (Shin and Soenen, 1998). The unit costs of producing goods will not change with the amount produced. Firms would borrow and lend at the same interest rate. Capital, labour and product markets would reflect all available information and would be perfectly competitive (Peel and Wilson, 1996).
In such an ideal business world, there would be little need to hold any form of inventory other than a limited amount of goods in process during production. But such an ideal business assumes that demand is exactly known in advance, that suppliers keep to their due dates, production can be smoothed and orders executed directly without costs and delays. There would be no need of holding cash for working capital other than for the initial costs, because it could be possible to make the payment from every receipt of sales. There would also be no need for receivables and payables if customers pay cash immediately and the firm would also make its payments promptly. However, problems of short term assets and liabilities management exist because these ideal assumptions are never realistic and therefore short term assets and liabilities levels make a significant part of a firm’s investment in assets and these assets have to be financed implying that investments may have benefits as well as costs (Smith, 1980).
Short term assets and liabilities investments and related short-term finances originate from three main business operations – purchasing, producing and selling. They can be considered as consequences of business operations (Hayajneh and Yassine, 2011). However, as much as the operations affect the balances of short term assets and liabilities investments and finances, the later also determine the cost and flexibility with which the operations are performed. Efficient management of short term assets and liabilities investments and related short-term debts can be used to make the purchasing, producing and selling operations cheaper and more flexible (Long, Malitz and Ravid, 1993). In the latter sense, they are used as instruments for the management of business operations, which in the mean time create benefits and costs. Therefore, the relevance of working capital investments and short-term debts originate from these benefits and costs. Beyond doubt efficient management of both items can help the success of firms in generating value.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to access the impact of short term assets and liabilities on the profitability of Nigerian firms. However in line with these objectives, the specific objectives of this study are:-
1. To access the impact of receivable periods on profitability of manufacturing firms in Nigeria
2. To evaluate the impact of inventory management on profitability of manufacturing firms in Nigeria
3. To determine the impact of cash conversion cycle on profitability of manufacturing firms in Nigeria
1.4 Research Questions
In line with the specific research objectives of this study, the following are the study research questions:
1. To what extent does the receivable period of Nigerian firms have an impact on profitability of manufacturing firms in Nigeria?
2. To what extent does the inventory management of Nigerian firms have an impact on profitability of manufacturing firms in Nigeria? and
3. To what extent does the cash conversion cycle of Nigerian firms have an impact on profitability of manufacturing firms in Nigeria?
1.5 Hypotheses of the study
As a follow-up to the research questions raised above, the following hypotheses will be test in this study, they are:-
1. Receivable periods of Nigerian firms does not have positive and significant impact on the profitability of manufacturing firms in Nigeria
2. Inventory turnover ratio of Nigerian firms does not have positive and significant impact on the profitability of manufacturing firms in Nigeria and
3. Cash conversion cycle of Nigerian firms does not have positive and significant impact on the profitability of manufacturing firms in Nigeria
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study covers the period 1999-2012. The choice of 1999 as a base year is predicated on the period of uninterrupted democratic rule in Nigeria. The manufacturing sector of any economy succinctly represents the engine of that economy and one of the most powerful engines for economic growth and since the period 1999 till date, the government of Nigeria has been in the forefront of transforming the Nigerian economy. The manufacturing sector acts as a machine that transforms the economic structure of nations, from simple, slow-growing and low-value activities to more productive activities that enjoy greater margins, are driven by technology, and have higher growth prospects. With rapid technological change and the increased defragmentation and internationalization of production, manufacturing has become the main means for developing countries to benefit from globalization and bridge the income gap with the industrialized world. Hence this study will examine the impact of the firms-specific internally controlled activities i.e it short term assets and liabilities on the profitability of Nigeria firm since the beginning of sustained democratic rule in Nigeria.
1.7 Significance of the Study
The study will be of immense benefit to the following groups:-
1. Management of Nigerian Firms
Each of the working capital items (example. cash, receivables and inventories) helps in the management of firms in its own particular way. Cash is used to keep the firm liquid so that it is able to pay its obligations when they are due for payment and therefore it protects the firm from bankruptcy. Under investment in cash bears the danger of being unable to pay back both short-term and long-term debts when they are due. Every business needs also adequate levels of cash to maintain day-to-day operations. Hence, the findings of this research will benefit management in the day-to-day operations of the business.
2. Investors and Potential Investor
The benefits to firms arising from an increased volume of working capital, however, do not come without their own costs. Investment in working capital is expensive. The more funds accumulated in working capital assets the more the costs of the investment. Over investment in cash, receivables and inventories ties-up capital and results in the opportunity costs of lost profits. Over investment in cash deposited in bank checking account results at paying service charges while depositing in a saving account does not generate large revenue. Over investment in receivables can result at debts, which may not be collected. Again investors and potential investors stand to benefit from the expository emanating from this research.
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3. Academia
As stated earlier, studies in short term assets and liabilities management also called working capital are as old as the study of economics is, however, few literature exist especially in Nigeria, hence this study will contribute immensely to existing literature on short term assets and liabilities management in Nigeria.
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined as they relate to this research:-
Insolvency: This is a state of being unable to meet cash obligations as at when due as a result of lack of cash (fund)
Gearing: This is referred to as the contributions of outsiders or the volume of debt contributed by outsiders in the business/operations of the firm
Growth Potentials: The ability of the firm to continually increase sales which will potential translate to high turnover and increased profitability