AN ANALYSIS OF UNITED NATIONS CONVENTIONS ON PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES: A CASE STUDY OF DOMESTIC IMPLEMENTATION IN NIGERIA

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
CERTIFICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
TABLE OF STATUTES vii
TABLE OF CONVENTIONS, PROTOCOLS AND OTHER TREATIES viii
TABLE OF CASES ix
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii
ABSTRACT xvii
1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem 4
1.2.1 Research Questions 11
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Research 11
1.4 Scope of the Research 12
1.5 Justification for the Research 13
1.6 Research Methodology 14
1.7 Literature Review 15
1.9 Organisational Layout 45
2.0 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAW REGULATING
NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES IN NIGERIA, AND
CONCEPT OF NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES,
DEFINITIONS AND CLARIFICATION OF KEY TERMS. 46
2.1 Introduction 46
2.2 Historical Development of the Law Regulating Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances in Nigeria. 46
2.3 Concept of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances: Definitions and
Clarification of Key Terms 58
2.3.1 International Law 58
2.3.2 International Treaty 60
2.3.3 Nigerian Law 61
xiii
2.3.4 Domestication of International Law 64
2.3.5 Drugs and Drug Abuse 66
2.3.6 Narcotic Drugs 68
2.3.7 Psychotropic Substances 69
2.3.8 Prevention 70
2.3.9 Control 71
2.3.10 Drug Trafficking 71
2.3.11 Compensation and Remedy 72
CHAPTER THREE 74
3.0 DOMESTIC IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ON
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF NARCOTIC DRUGS AND
PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES IN NIGERIA 74
3.1 Introduction 74
3.1.1 Guideline in a Treaty 74
3.1.2 The Principles of Jus Cogens 75
3.1.2 The National Measures for Treaty Implementation. 76
3.1.3 The Process of Domestic Implementation of International Law in Nigeria . 77
3.2 Analysis of Domestic Implementation Treaties on Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances 79
3.3 Compatibility of Nigerian Domestic Laws with United Nations Conventions
on Prevention and Control of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 81
3.3.1 The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 82
3.3.2 The Protocol to the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 86
3.3.3 The Single Convention on Psychotropic Substances 88
3.3.4 The United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic and Abuse of Narcotic
Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 93
3.3.5 An Analysis of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic and
Abuse in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 95
3.4 An Analysis of Domestic Statutory Law Derived from International Law on
Narcotic Drug and Psychotropic Substances 132
3.4.1 The Dangerous Drug Ordinance 132
3.4.2 The Indian Hemp Decree 134
3.4.3 The Food and Drug Act 135
3.4.4 The Special Tribunal (Miscellaneous Offences) Decree 136
3.4.5 The National Drug Law Enforcement Agency Act 137
xiv
3.5 An Analysis of Domestic and International Institutions Responsible for
Implementing Laws against Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. 138
3.5.1 The National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA). 138
3.5.2 The Federal High Court 159
3.5.3 The National Assembly 161
3.5.4 The Commission on Narcotic Drugs 163
3.5.5 The International Narcotic Control Board 165
CHAPTER FOUR 167
4.0 PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES HINDERING THE SUCCESSFUL
DOMESTIC IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ON
NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES IN NIGERIA 167
4.1 Introduction 167
4.1 The Problems Caused by Inadequate Compliance with the Rules and
Obligations of International Law on Illicit Drugs 167
4.2.1 The Legal Status of Illicit Drug Users under the NDLEA Act 168
4.2.2 The Obligation on Nigeria to establish the NDLEA as required by
International Convention 175
4.2.3 The Inability of the Government of Nigeria to Prevent Illicit Drug activities
177
4.3 The Challenges Facing Nigeria’s Government Institutions Responsible for
the Domestic Implementation of International Law on Prevention and Control of
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substance 178
4.3.1 The Poor State of the Economy and the Rise in Illicit Drug Activities in
Nigeria 182
4.3.2 The Capacity of the NDLEA to Effectively Perform its Functions 182
4.3.3 The Rehabilitation and Treatment of Victims of Drug Abuse in Nigeria .. 185
4.3.4 Challenges Facing the Federal High Court 187
4.3.5 Challenges Facing the National Assembly 188
CHAPTER FIVE 190
5.0 COMPENSATION AND REHABILITATION FOR VICTIMS OF
NARCOTIC DRUG AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES CRIMES IN
NIGERIA 190
5.1 An Analysis Of Compensation For Victims Of Crime Under International
Law 190
5.1.1 The Development of the Law on Compensation for Victims of Crime 191
5.1.2 The Nature, Scope and Trend of Compensation under International Law 193
xv
5.1.3 The Victims of Crime 199
5.1.4 Access to Justice and Fair Treatment 199
5.1.5 Access to Justice 200
5.1.6 Restitution for Victims of Crime 200
5.1.7 Compensation for Victims of Crime 200
5.1.8 Assistance for Victims of Crime 201
5.2 THE FRAMEWORK FOR COMPENSATION AND REHABILITATION
OF VICTIMS OF NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES
CRIMES UNDER NIGERIAN LAW 203
5.2.1 Determination of Victims of Illicit Drug Offences 205
5.2.2 Drug Users 207
5.2.3 The Third Party Victim 208
5.2.4 The Society at Large 209
5.2.5 Legal Representative of Dependants and Relatives of a Deceased Victim . 210
5.2.6 Legal Provision for Compensation Remedies and Rehabilitation of Victims
of Illicit Drugs in Nigeria 212
5.2.7 The National Drug Law Enforcement Agency Act. 213
5.2.8 The Criminal Code 216
5.2.10 The Penal Code 217
5.2.11 The Administration of Criminal Justice Act, 2015 218
5.3 Why Nigeria Needs a Comprehensive Legal Regime on Compensation For
Victims of Drug Crimes 221
CHAPTER SIX 227
6.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 227
6.1 Summary 227
6.2 Conclusion 231
6.3 Findings 232
6.4 Recommendations 239
6.4.1 The National Assembly 239
6.4.2 The Federal High Court 245
6.4.3 The NDLEA 245
6.4.4 The Federal Government of Nigeria 246
6.4.5 The United Nations 248
BIBLIOGRAPHY 250