The Influence of Godfatherism in The 2019 General Elections In Nigeria

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The Influence of Godfatherism in The 2019 General Elections In Nigeria

This phenomenon of godfather is not totally new to Nigerian politics as some of Nationalist and freedom fighters such as Nnamdi Azikiwe, Obafemi Awolowo, Ahmadu Bello, etc., are somehow related as typifying the modern-day operations of the political godfather. The fourth Republic in Nigeria has witnessed these phenomenon rights from inception as soon after the Governors were swear-in in 1999. The political actors and their political godfather were in the verge of contending “who is who” in their state. Prominent among the kingpins in the states are Modu Ali Sheriff(Senator) vs Governor Mala Kachalla of Borno; Olusola Saraki vs Late Mohammed Lawal governor of Kwara State; Jim Nwobodo (Senator) vs Governor Chimaroke Nnamani (Enugu State); Emeka Offor (Chief) vs Governor Chinwoke Mbadinju (Anambra State); Abubakar Rimi (Alhaji) vs Governor Rabiu Kwankwaso of Kano State and Lamidi Adebibu vs Governor Rasheed Ladoja of Oyo State to mention a few

Political Godfatherism and underdevelopment in the Nigerian Society

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Abstract This article examined the menace of political godfatherism, one of the major internal factors hindering the advancement of the democratization process and development of Nigeria in order to validate Rostow thesis. The study employed the descriptive approach andtherefore collected its data from secondary sources. Moreover, the study examined the two opposing models on the subject of development and also discussed the problem of godfatherism and its implications on the democratization process and developmentof Nigeria. The paper suggests love, patriotism, hard work, sacrifice, commitment, condemnation of evil and celebration of good, not only for the elite class, but also for the entire citizenry. These could be used to stop the escalation of political godfatherism in order to enthrone true the democracy that is needed for national unity and development. In actualizing this, this paper concluded that the elite class needs to be saturated or dyed with positive attributes, which hinge on national unity and consciousness, development-oriented mentality, public-spirit and patriotism. These are essential to galvanize the available resources and generate the necessary sentiments for the progress and well-being of Nigerians.

GOD FATHERISM AND POLITICAL PATRONAGE IN NIGERIA: A THEORETICAL OVERVIEW

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GOD FATHERISM AND POLITICAL PATRONAGE IN NIGERIA: A THEORETICAL OVERVIEW

The form of political system in Nigeria in the early post-colonial period was characterized by a clientelistic structure whose top echelon was occupied by the new elites who captured the economic and political powers of the Nigerian state immediately after independence. They were patron occupying state offices as “pre-bends”. They became the “gate-keeper”; determines the development initiative to be followed and employed and benefactors of privileges. Studies of Godfathering and political patronage in Nigeria have not adequately addressed how these patronage has remained an important aspect of the political and economic powers of the state. This study, therefore, examined God fatherism and political patronage in Nigeria: a theoretical overview. A synthesis of elite, coalition, party system and meritocratic theories provided the conceptual framework. The design was exploratory and the study was descriptive in nature, combining both secondary data from books and the internet. Modern political institutions controlled by elites acquired power through the people. This development places political elites in a position to bestow privilege and concessions as they deemed fit. Hence, this engender the creation of a clientelistic structure with political elites as patrons and the vast majority of population as clients willing to yield their loyalty to patrons for the satisfaction of valued resources. Patrons who, due to their influence on the state apparatus, control both political and economic powers therefore, more often than not control the direction development takes in these areas. The resultant inequality therefore, produces a class of elites who control the economic and political powers of the state and another class of masses who yield their loyalty to the elites in order to secure access to state surpluses to be delivered as “good” or compensation for loyalty. Since access to valued resources is assured through the clientelistic structure, the emergent social relationships may have implication for Nigeria‟s development both in the rural and urban areas
 
 

SURVIVAL OF AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION IN A PLURALISTIC RELIGIOUS NIGERIAN SOCIETY

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SURVIVAL OF AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION IN A PLURALISTIC RELIGIOUS NIGERIAN SOCIETY

ABSTRACT

The thrust and concern of this thesis is on survival African Traditional Religion in a pluralistic religious Nigeria society. Prior to the advent and spread of external forces of change engendered by colonialism, commerce and foreign religions, Africans have their religion; in other words, the indigenous African way of worship and life. The study employed phenomenological method. The word phonological is an adjective derived from the noun ‘phenomenology’. The primary objectives of the phenomenological method of research is the direct investigation and explanation of phenomena as consciously experienced without theories about their causal explanation and as free as possible from preconceptions and presuppositions. The study found among other things the spread of African Religion to some areas on the planet earth especially where Africans are found and has influenced the lives of even non-Africans. African Religion is found in America especially, the Caribbean Islands, Jamaica, Haiti, Trinidad, Cuba, and Brazil among others. This study therefore investigates the hindrance of foreign religious on the religio-cultural life of African (Nigerian) people specifically; on the African religion. The study examines how Christians ideas have influenced the religion, culture, conception of life and worldview of African peoples hence affecting its continuity. Furthermore, the  study  discovered that the religion gives the African (Nigerian) people a sense of direction and security in life making them realize where they are going and their natural endowments, providing solutions to their problems hence they find it extremely difficult to abandon it for any other religion. These account for its continued probable continuity in a pluralistic society like Nigeria. The study underscores the need for symbiotic existence between the  indigenous  and foreign religions and values in all aspects of life. The study also showed that African Traditional Religion would survive in a pluralistic religious Nigerian society. To this end, there will be cultural revival especial as it affects our traditional religious system. This will no doubt give us a pride of place in this world of today.

The problem of indiscipline among primary school pupils

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The problem of indiscipline among primary school pupils: A Study of Bunza local government area in Sokoto

CHAPTER ONE/INTRODUCTION
Education is the aggregate of all processes by which a child or adult develops the abilities, attributes and other forms of behaviour that present values to his society. One of the cardinal objectives of education as spelt out in the National Policy of Education (2004) revised, is to inculcate right of values and attitude for the survival of the individual and Nigerian society.
Primary education forms the basis of the entire system of education, its importance lies in the fact that it serves as the foundation on which the subsequent edifice education system is raised. The immense contribution it makes to the overall development of the country is indicated by the research studies undertaken both in developed and developing countries including Nigeria, in order to achieve the universalization of primary education (Quadric, 2001).
The society at large help to contribute to the indiscipline problem among primary school pupils in that the society cherishes wealth and honour and honour wealthy individuals. Hence, the poor individual has no place at all. The importance the society attaches to wealth lure the young boys and girls to pursue wealth rather than education, which has long lasting value and legacy (Sanni, 2010).
The word indiscipline can be described as a mode of life not in conformity with rules and regulations. The term connotes the regulate capable of obstructing the smooth and orderly function of the school system. Some scholars identified indiscipline as a social menace that act across all human discipline, and as a cankerworm which has eaten deep into the fabrics of national life (Asiyai, 2012).
Indiscipline has been suggested on its own as a factor responsible for all problems and vices, which permitted academic, religious, political and social life against the growth and development of a nation. In Educational institutions, indiscipline among primary school pupils ranges from truancy, negligence of duty, loitering, absenteeism, noise making, examination mal-practice and so on. Also, gone are those days when pupils have believed in hard work as the honourable path to success (Ayeni, 2010).
Examination malpractice is no longer a new thing at the primary school level, pupils from different social status, privileged and downtrodden are involved in varying degree of indiscipline, respect for teachers and constituted authorities among primary school pupils has disappeared into thin air.
Indiscipline can also be found in family settings, religious homes like churches and mosques. Even though Nigeria today plays a significant role in Africa and international affairs, everywhere in Nigeria is still tensed with fear, anxiety, lack of harmony and various social ills. It is no exaggeration that to some extent, there is mass indisciplinary behaviours all over the country and this has grown from strength to strength daily.
Indiscipline can be found in all facet of our lives which could be among the poor and the rich, the literate and illiterate; and the young and old. As a result of low ethical value’s, various regimes in the recent times have created one body or another to combat indiscipline among Nigerian society (Ezekewesili, 2001).
Indiscipline in school is ranked as a major problem among primary school pupils in Nigeria. Disruptive behaviour is concerned with pupils whose education may be adversely affected, for these reason it cannot be ignored.
Indiscipline among primary school pupils has attracted serious attention of scholars and administrators (Mii and Makgata, 2006).
These scholars and administrators attributed indiscipline among primary school pupils to their state of development, they opined that when pupils notice certain biological changes signalling maturity in the cause of their growth and development, they tent to misbehave by flouting school rules and regulations.
However, the home and the school constitute an important factors in the formation of good or bad behaviour of pupils. The curriculum instruction provided by educational system must be the type that provide for moral and social need of the pupils which will result for moral in the growth and development of the nation.
Other incidence of indiscipline among primary school pupils are the society, lack of good leadership, rural-urban drift and so on (Naizpodia, 2010).
Some other likely incidence to indiscipline among primary school pupils according to Njoh (2003) is the home. The home is an important agent because this is where the pupil’s foundation and future are being laid by the parents. The home is supposed to be the place of peace, harmony, care, love and happiness, but in a home where this is lost or not found, it could result in indisciplinary behaviour in the child, like bullying, hatred, fighting and lack of respect for elders among others, which could have adverse effect on the pupils.
Other incidence from the home could be broken home. Large portion of delinquent pupils are from broken homes beset by quarrelling and fighting which result into parental neglect. These could make pupils develop negative attitude toward life.
In schools, such pupils are found to be aggressive and are fond of picking quarrels with their peers because that is the types of life they grow up to know (Odia and Omofonmuwan, 2001).
In addition, some parents’ attitude towards the school and teachers is not encouraging, this is so because some parents always take sides with their children whenever they are involved in any indisciplinary act in school. If only parents could co-operate with the school authority to eradicate indiscipline in the school system, the society herself will be at rest.
The problem of indiscipline in school has persisted over the years, with my experience during my teaching practice, I realized the problems of indiscipline in primary schools need to be addresses. Some indiscipline behaviour exhibited by these pupil include truancy, bullying, around when classes are going on disrespect for teachers, disregard for school rules and regulations, inattentive in class, among others. These negative behaviour could militate against effective teaching and learning process and the production of useful and acceptable members of the society. With regards to the problem above, what then are the incidence of indiscipline among primary school pupils?

Research questions

The followings were raised to guide the study:
Do pupils indulge in act of truancy in primary school?
In what ways do pupils involve in bullying behaviour in primary schools?
To what extent do pupils take part in fighting in primary schools?
In what ways are pupils involve in breaking school rules and regulation in primary school?
The main purpose of this study is to examine the incidence of indiscipline among primary school pupils in Isoko South Local Government Area of Delta State.

Objectives of the study

How pupils indulge in acts of truancy in primary schools.
Ways in which pupils involved in bully behaviour in primary schools
Extent to which pupils take part in fighting in primary schools
Ways in which pupils involve in breaking school rules and regulations in primary schools.
The result of the study will be beneficial to pupils, parents, teachers, counsellors, government and other researchers.
significance of the Study
The result of the study will be beneficial to pupils because the research focus on them and the solution will bring a positive development about their behaviour problem.
The result of the study will be beneficial to parents in terms of the outcome of the research, they will know their roles as parent and nurture their children in godly manner.
The result of the study will be beneficial to teachers that will make them know the role they are playing negatively in the schools that could bring about indiscipline in the pupils.
The result of the study will also help the counsellors to find solution to the problems of indiscipline as regards to the incidence and effects on primary school pupils which will help in the management of pupils both in schools and their respective homes.
The result of the study will expose the governments to where they have neglected their duties which has resulted in indiscipline in primary schools and how it can be rectified.
The result of the study will guide other researchers who may wish to conduct similar related research on the field under study in providing useful information.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE I
APPROVAL PAGE II
DEDICATION III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS V
ABSTRACT VI
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study 1
Statement of the Problem of the Study 3
Purpose of the Study 5
Significance of the Study 5
Scope of the Study 7
Research Questions 7
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Conceptual Frameworks 8
Theoretical Frameworks 9
Review of Related Empirical Studies 12
Summary of Literature Review 28
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODS/METHODOLOGY
Research Design 29
Area of the Study 29
Population of the Study 29
Sample and Sampling Technique 29
Instrument for Data Collection 30
Validation of the Instrument 30
Reliability of the Instrument 30
Method of Data Collection 30
Method of Data Analysis 30
CHAPTER FOUR
ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS
Analysis of Research Question 31
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussions of the Result 36
Conclusions 38
Educational Implications 40
Suggestions for Further Studies 41
Limitations 41
Summary of the Study 42
Recommendations 42
REFERENCES
APPENDIX

IMPACT OF MONETARY POLICY ON SAVINGS MOBILIZATION IN NIGERIA

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IMPACT OF MONETARY POLICY ON SAVINGS MOBILIZATION IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

The study examined the impact of monetary policy on savings mobilization in Nigeria between 1985 and 2016. The study attempted to investigate the impact of monetary policy variables such as broad money supply, deposit rate, inflation rate and real GDP on private domestic savings mobilization in Nigeria.
The study made use of secondary data on the variables of interest. Savings mobilization was captured as national savings. Broad money supply, deposit rate and inflation rate were captured as monetary policy indicators and real GDP was deployed as the control variables.
The estimation techniques adopted in the study are Augmented-Dickey Fuller test, Johansen Cointegration test, Error Correction Model and the Granger Causality test. The estimation techniques are carried out electronically by the use of Econometrics Views (EVIEWS).
The results showed that there is cointegration or long run relationship between savings mobilization and monetary policy in Nigeria. Furthermore, it was found that the speed of adjustment from short run to long run equilibrium is approximately 56% per annum. Also, broad money supply to be core monetary policy tool that had robust impact on savings mobilization in Nigeria.
The study concludes that various monetary policies administered through those variables have not been adequately applied to effectively mobilize savings for investment activities in Nigeria.
To this end, the study suggested amongst others that; the issue of low deposit rate offered by commercial banks has rendered interest rate inactive to savings mobilization in Nigeria; For effective operation of monetary policy measures in Nigeria, the Central Bank of Nigeria should be granted full autonomy on its monetary policy functions; Monetary policy to a great extent depends on the coordination with fiscal policy; Proper measures should be devised to encourage banks to open branches in the rural areas in order to mop up deposits; There should be determined effort by the monetary authorities to bridge the widening gap between deposit rate and lending rate.
 
 

  CHAPTER ONE/INTRODUCTION

1.1         Background to the Study

The issue of the persistence low level of economic development in Nigeria has been a matter of concern to economists and policy makers. It has been argued that economic underdevelopment is an outcome of capital shortage (Noko, 2016). It has also been contended that the fragmented state of domestic resource mobilization and the resultant inefficient intermediation between savings and investment are key bottlenecks to self-sustainable development in Nigeria (Egoro & Obah, 2017). Capital shortage portends the need to mobilize greater domestic resources if sustainable economic development is to be achieved. However, mobilizing domestic resources through savings and then, channeling the savings into productive investment can hardly be done without the existence of a sound monetary policy capable of directing the resources into major productive investment (Nasko, 2016).
 
Monetary policy can be described as an array of policies employed by the Central Bank to control the stock of money as an instrument for achieving the macroeconomic goals. Chikere (2013) posited that monetary policy is the use of open market operations, change in discount rate, change in reserve requirement and other measures available to the monetary authorities to control the rate of growth of money supply. Monetary policy in the Nigerian context encompasses actions of the Central Bank of Nigeria that affect the availability and cost of commercial and merchant bank reserve balances and thereby the overall monetary and credit condition in the economy. The major objective of such action is to ensure that over time, the long-run needs of the growing economy at stable prices. According to CBN (2015), the aim of monetary policy are basically to control inflation, maintain a healthy balance of payment positions for the country in order to safeguard the external value of the national currency and promote an adequate and sustainable level of economic growth and development. The formulation is done by the federal government, mostly announced during budget speeches while the enforcement of the policy is solely the responsibility of the Central Bank of Nigeria.
 
The two major issues that pertain to developing economies are how to stimulate investment and how to use savings to enhance investment (Jhingan, 2007). Developing economies have accepted the responsibility of ensuring proper mobilization of domestic funds by manipulating monetary policy and/or fiscal policy to actualize their objectives. For many economies, financial sector and balance of payment liberalization have widened access to foreign capital to finance domestic investment. However, due to the fact that many developing economies have huge external debt. They are unable to attract foreign capital to finance domestic investment, thus leaving them with an only option of using domestic savings to finance investment. In mobilizing savings, macroeconomic indices such as income, interest rate, inflation rate, fiscal balance, external debt, capital formation, money supply and exchange rate are important. The proper utilization of these indices would help developing economies to promote savings for financing investment.
 
The financial sector reforms started with the deregulation of interest rates in August 1987. Prior to this period, the financial system was under regulation and interest rates were said to be repressed. Mckinnon (1973) maintained that financial repression arises mostly when a country imposes a ceiling on deposit and lending nominal interest rates at a low level relative to inflation. The resulting low or negative interest rates discourage saving mobilization and channeling of mobilized savings through the financial system. This has a negative impact on the quality and quantity of investment. The link between savings, investment and growth has been emphasized that if individuals or firms save, there is a greater possibility of investing in the nearest future (Olayemi & Jolaosho, 2013). Huge amount of savings increases the available of resources for investment. A higher level of savings leads to a higher level of investment, which is capable of creating brighter chances of sustainable economic development.

1.2         Statement of Problem

Over three decades ago, the economy of Nigeria experienced the introduction of Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) which shifted focus from public sector to private sector. The objectives were, amongst others, to encourage private domestic savings, private domestic investment and capital formation in order to improve economic growth. By encouraging savings, resources were diverted from current consumption and invested in capital enterprises. Unfortunately, SAP failed to produce expected results. Although the  reform led to privatization and commercialization of many state enterprises and improvement in some macroeconomic variables like interest rate and money supply, but not without its disappointing performances. For example, Nigeria continued to be confronted with low savings and investment ratios, subsequently low rate of real economic growth. Besides, aggregate supply continued to dwindle leading to demand-pull inflation.
 
Savings, an important engine of economic growth has been very low in Nigeria. The ratio of domestic savings to GDP in most developing economies is very low. The ratio of domestic savings to GDP in Nigeria between 1980 and 2015 averaged less than 25% (CBN, 2016). The apparent low savings in Nigeria can be attributed to a number of micro and macroeconomic factors such as high rate of poverty, low per capita income, high rate of unemployment and underdeveloped financial system. In an attempt to overcome the problem of low savings in Nigeria, various monetary policies have been pursued over the years, but did not produce desired outcomes. Thus, there is need to put the economy on track via savings mobilization predicated on effective monetary policies, which  would eventually pave way for higher levels of investment and economic growth.

1.3       Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to examine the impact of monetary policy on savings mobilization in Nigeria. In specific terms, the study attempts to:

  1.  Investigate the impact of monetary policy variables (broad money supply, deposit rate and inflation rate) on savings mobilization in Nigeria.
  2. Ascertain the existence of long-run relationship between monetary policy and savings mobilization in Nigeria.
  3. Investigate the nature of causal relationship between monetary policy variables and savings mobilization in Nigeria.

1.4       Research Questions

Based on the research objectives, the study attempts to provide answers to the following questions:

  1. To what extent have monetary policy variables (broad money supply, deposit rate and inflation rate) impacted savings mobilization in Nigeria?
  2. Is there any long-run relationship between monetary policy and savings mobilization in Nigeria?
  3. Is there any causality between monetary policy variables and savings mobilization in Nigeria?

1.5     Research Hypotheses

Three hypotheses are developed to guide the study. The hypotheses are stated in their null form:

  1. H01: Monetary policy has no significant impact on savings mobilization in Nigeria.
  2. H02:  There is no long-run relationship between monetary policy and savings mobilization in Nigeria.
  3. H03: There is no causality between monetary policy variables and savings mobilization in Nigeria.

1.6      Significance of the Study

The study is beneficial to stakeholders in the financial sector, monetary authority, government, academic and students. The study would provide empirical evidence upon which to assess the effect of monetary policy on savings mobilization in Nigeria. The study would also provide policy recommendations to policy makers on ways to revamp the economy through monetary policy. Academic and students will benefit from the study as it provides an objective view of the effectiveness of monetary policy in Nigeria and also serve as a basis for further research.

1.7 Scope of the Study

The study covered a 31-year period ranging between 1986 and 2016. The study concentrates to ascertain the effectiveness of monetary policy on mobilizing savings for investment in the SAP and Post-SAP period. Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) hinges on liberalization and deregulation. Thus, this time frame is appropriate for the study. Furthermore, the monetary policy variables considered in the study are broad money supply, deposit rate and inflation rate).

Design and implementation of staff appraisal/promotion system

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Design and implementation of staff appraisal/promotion system

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

According to Thompson (2008), Promotion is the advancement of an employee’s rank or position in an organizational hierarchy system. Promotion may be an employee’s reward for good performance, i.e., positive appraisal. Before a company promotes an employee to a particular position it ensures that the person is able to handle the added responsibilities by screening the employee with interviews and tests and giving them training or on-the-job experience. A promotion can involve advancement in terms of designation, salary and benefits, and in some organizations the type of job activities may change a great deal. The opposite of a promotion is a demotion.
A promotion can involve advancement in terms of designation, salary and benefits, and in some organizations the type of job activities may change a great deal. In many companies and public service organizations, more senior positions have a different title: an analyst who is promoted becomes a “principal analyst”; an economist becomes a “senior economist”; or an associate professor becomes a “full professor”. The amount of salary increase associated with a promotion varies a great deal between industries and sectors, and depending on the what parts of the hierarchical ladder an employee is moving between. In some industries or sectors, there may be only a modest increase in salary for a promotions; in other fields, a promotion may substantially increase an employee’s salary.
The same is true with benefits and other privileges; in some industries, the promotion only changes the title and salary, and there are no additional benefits or privileges (beyond the psycho-social benefits that may accrue to the individual). In some not-for-profit organizations, the values of the organization or the tightness of funding may result in there being only modest salary increases associated with a promotion. In other industries, especially in private sector companies, a promotion to senior management may carry a number of benefits, such as stock options, a reserved parking space, a corner office with a secretary, and bonus pay for good performance. The degree to which job activities change varies between industries and sectors. In some fields, even after an employee is promoted, they continue to do similar work. For example, a policy analyst in the federal government who is promoted to the post of senior policy analyst will continue to do similar tasks such as writing briefing notes and carrying out policy research. The differences may be in the complexity of the files that the individual is assigned to or in the sensitivity of the issues that they are asked to deal with. In other fields, when an employee is promoted, their work changes substantially. For example, whereas a staff engineer in a civil engineering firm will spend their time doing engineering inspections and working with blueprints, a senior engineer may spend most of their day in meetings with senior managers and reading financial reports. In symphony orchestras, when a musician such as a violinist is promoted to the position of concertmaster, their duties change substantially. As a violin player, the individual played the music as part of the violin section. As a concertmaster, the individual plays solo parts, decides on the bowings and interpretation of the music, and leads the violins during performances. Different organizations grant the hiring and promoting managers different levels of discretion to award promotions. In some parts of the private sector, the senior management has a very high level of discretion to award promotions, and they can promote employees without going through much procedures or formalities such as testing, screening, and interviewing. In the public sector and in academia, there are usually many more checks and balances in place to prevent favoritism or bias. In many Western public service bodies, when a manager wants to promote an employee, they must follow a number of steps, such as advertising the position, accepting applications from qualified candidates, screening and interviewing candidates, and then documenting why they chose a particular candidate. In academia, a similar approach is used, with the added safeguard of including several layers of committee review of the proposed promotion using committees which include members of other faculty and experts from other universities.
In Cross River University of Technology (CRUTECH), promotion is done annually and commences in April. All department heads submits a comprehensive assessment of the teaching administrative abilities of each staff which includes result of students’ evaluation. Staffs are considered for promotion if they have spent up to about three years.
There is no computerised system which takes in the criteria for promotion in CRUTECH to determined if a staff is fit for promotion or not. All promotion documents are computed manually and pose a lot of problems when promotion is to be given to staffs. There by there is need for the development of a computerised promotion system so as to eliminate the manual promotion determination methods being presently under taken by CRUTECH.

1.2       STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The present promotion system of Cross River University of Technology, Calabar is done by manual means, whereby a committee (promotion and appointment committee) is form to consider if a particular staff is reach or satisfied all the promotion criteria. This promotion process takes a whole lot of time in doing these, looking into the promotion criteria and secondly, they is bound to be a bias attitude of the committee to favour their own personal interest or candidate and as such, lot of partial is involve in the manual process and this is a big problem to be tackled

1.3       AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The aim is to design and develop an automated staff promotion software to accomplish the following :

  1. Reduce the bias action of the promotion committee members.
  2. Reduce the long process involve in the conducting interview

Activities of Multinational Oil Corporations on Human Rights in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

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A Critical Appraisal of the Impact of the Activities of Multinational Oil Corporations on Human Rights in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

ABSTRACT

Multinational Oil Corporations (MOCs) are oil  prospecting  and  mining  industries with different subsidiaries in joint venture agreement with State owned Oil Companies in different regions of the world. In Nigeria, the activities of these MOCs are most prominent in oil producing communities in the Niger Delta Region. The MOCs operating in Nigeria have impaired the environment of the host communities through negative oil exploration activities resulting in oil pollution that led to increased poverty, unimaginable underdevelopment and human rights violations and violent conflicts. Multinational oil corporations are powerful entities that could not easily be held accountable for their atrocities under domestic  jurisdictions because they wield a high influence on host governments coupled with non- justiciability or lax environmental laws that prevail. Therefore, this thesis will examine the different possibilities for extraterritorial legal action against MOCs by relying on the opportunities provided by American Alien Tort Claims Act of 1798.  This  work  further studied the application of international human rights jurisprudence to provide the linkage between human rights violations and the operations of multinational oil corporations in  Nigeria. Hence,

This Law thesis, will “Critically Appraise the Impact of the Activities of Multinational Oil Corporations on Human Rights in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria”.

This research work will be divided into seven chapters. Chapter one presents a general introduction of the thesis. Chapter two will consist of definitions and analysis of conceptual frameworks while Chapter three will be an analysis of national and international legal  standards on the protection of human rights to development, freedom from exploitation of natural resources, environmental pollution and peace while chapter four will discuss the complicity of multinational oil corporations on human rights violations in the Niger Delta Region. Chapter five will examine the various ways in which the activities of MOCs have affected the development, security situation and limitations on access to justice for litigants challenging illegalities of the Multinational Oil Corporations in the Niger Delta Region.  Chapter six will address the linkage between multinational corporations and human rights accountability in home states. Lastly, this thesis will be concluded with chapter seven which presents the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations  in  resolving  the  problems associated with the activities of MOCs operating in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria.

Appraisal of Customary Law Arbitration in Nigeria

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Appraisal of Customary Law Arbitration in Nigeria

Abstract

The geographical entity now known as and called Nigeria was formally occupied by about 250 independent nations before the advent of the Europeans into the West Coast of Africa. These nations had their distinct customs and laws, which they brought on board Nigeria.  These customs and laws differ from place to place. Customary law arbitration was and still remains a widely accepted option for settling disputes, particularly amongst people occupying the former Eastern Nigeria, now popularly referred to as South East Geo-political Zone of Nigeria.

Comprehensive Analysis of Customary Law Arbitration in Nigeria

This method of adjudication is governed by the Nigerian customary law. It  is endorsed by the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, Cap. C23 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004 (as amended), and recognized by the courts. Thus, it is neither regulated by common law principles on arbitration that are applicable to Nigeria nor by the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, Cap. A18 LFN 2004, which is, the basic legal framework regulating written agreements to arbitrate in Nigeria. The unique characteristics of customary law arbitration in Nigeria are that agreements to arbitrate are usually oral in nature, and customary law arbitral proceedings and awards are not normally recorded in writing. The communities that recognize and use customary law arbitration for settling disputes resort to it because it is inexpensive, expeditious, culturally acceptable to them, relevant and suitable for their situations in lives. Also, it helps to reduce pressure on the court system of adjudication. This invaluable method of adjudication is, however, facing serious threats to its development and sustainability. Bearing in mind that indigenous customary law, which is the bedrock of customary law arbitration in Nigeria as opposed to Islamic law, is lex non scripta in nature, imprecise, and differs from place to place, this is not surprising. Regrettably, adequate attention has not been devoted to the study and development of customary law arbitration and its importance in dispute resolution by previous researchers and government, and this has continued to create lacuna in the study and development of the law and practice of arbitration as an Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanism in Nigeria. This  study, therefore, sets out to fill this knowledge gap. The main objective for this  study  is to examine the law and practice of customary law  arbitration in Nigeria with a view to determining its  adequacy or otherwise as an ADR mechanism. Correspondingly, the specific objectives for the study are: (i) To ascertain the issues that militate against the development of customary law arbitration in Nigeria, and (ii) To consider whether education can be used to adequately address the issues. Historical, analytical and comparative research approaches will be adapted in this study and relevant data for the study will come from primary and secondary sources. The former came from case law, statutes, as well as unstructured interviews based on proportionate stratified random sampling targeted at traditional rulers, elders of various communities and natives who are knowledgeable in the area of  indigenous  customary  law and practices while historical records, anthropological reports, scholarly articles, text books, and useful resources from the Internet will constitute the latter source.

CHAPTER ONE: GEN ERAL INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1
Types of Arbitration 3
Universal Nature of Arbitration 3
Arbitration in the Light of Christianity 4
Arbitration in the Light of Islam 6
General Historical Evolution of Arbitration 9
Nigerian Historical Evolution of Customary Law Arbitration 12
Statement of Problem 17
Literature Review 19
The Law of Arbitration in Nigeria 19
The Validity of an Award under Customary Law Arbitration: Nwosu v. 23

Implementation And Evaluation of Human Rights Norms in Environmental Protection in Nigeria

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Implementation And Evaluation of Human Rights Norms in Environmental Protection in Nigeria

Abstract:

This research work examined the enforceability of human rights norms in environmental protection. And critically reviews the functionality of human rights law in environmental protection and how it can be made to drive enforceability in order to reduce the impact of environmental stressors. The work treats the legal literature and theory of Environmental law and Human rights –and factors of enforcement of human rights law in Nigeria .It establishes that several theories have emerged, and a plethora of them have considered environmental human rights to be those rights that are within the realm of non- derogablerights. Making reference to the impact of international law stressors such as sovereignty, requirement of municipal ratification with particular reference to section 12 of 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria as amended and the conservative and narrow interpretations of human rights law provisions that stress the enforceability of human rights norms in environmental protection, the paper surveys and maintains a well- balanced assessment of specific instruments such as, in the global setting, the United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development (1986), the United Nations Charter (1945)”, among others; and in the regional setting, the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (1981) as domesticated in Nigeria by Cap.10 LFN 1983 and subsequently by Cap A9 LFN 2004 among others, and significantly, the Fundamental Rights(Enforcement Procedure) Rules (2009) and the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria as amended, including their policy consciousness, functionality and limitations. The key question that needs an answer is whether and to what extent Nigerian law guarantees applicability of human rights norms in environmental protection? In an attempt to answer this question, we examined the extent to which domestic laws reflect the aspirations of global environmental norms and means by which they are structured. The problem is settled with an answer to a fundamental question. First, to what level of enforceability are the policies emanating from these non- derogable laws, directly and practically implemented and applicable in Nigeria? This study therefore discovers that even with the applicability of African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights amongst other associated laws which have been enhanced by the provisions of the Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules (2009), compliance to, and enforcement of environmental rights  in Nigeria remains challenging.

  • Background of the Research

The importance of observing human rights in any legal system and its significance cannot be overemphasized. Notably, one of the lessons  of  globalization  and  the new international economic order is the increasing awareness that  the enforcement  of human rights is a cornerstone in the realization of sustainable development, nationally and internationally. To this end, looking at the concept and nature of sustainable development, and what it professes, the importance of a  legal  system lies not only in ensuring civil liberties but in addition creating a viable environment where economic development and social equity can be enjoyed.
 
Nigeria has ratified plethora of human rights treaties that seek to  set globally  applied standards. Some of these standards, especially in recent times  are  not limited to civil liberty domain rather they serve as prelude to the realization of both socio-economic, cultural and solidarity rights  which make room for the realization  of sustainable development . These rights in essence form the new international economic and legal order and thus emerges the concept of sustainable development which “environmental law’’ seeks to promote.

ESSAY AND DISSERTATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN NIGERIA

Within the context of environmental law however,  are  the  ontological  and historical dimensions. These dimensions depict a mother-child correlation or evolution theory. It is established that human rights of the second and third generations which of course, are developed from that of the first generation, all as reminiscent of natural law, are now being codified with minimum standards. These standards areraised by international law and made tangible by municipal law. Thus, emerges the consciousness that there are environmental rights, such as the right to a clean and healthy environment, the right to development, the right to participate in  the developmental and approval process, the  right  to  environmental  information, the right to compensation and the right of access to justice. They are however, the corollaries of the right to life.
 
In addition to this development, in 2012, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) have strengthened their collaboration in the field of the
nexus between human rights and environmental protection during the  United  Nations conference on sustainable development. In the same year, the United  Nations Human Rights Council as part of its special procedures appointed an Independent Expert on human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment and appointed Professor Knox to this position. In line with his appointment as an Independent Expert and as a part of his obligation, in 2014, at the regional level, a consultation was made by the  Independent Expert on the constitution of environmental rights at Johannesburg, South Africa. The consultation was convened by the United Nations Independent Expert on human rights and environment and the United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP) and the legal Resource Centre (LPC).1
 
This studytherefore analyzes the standard of observation of environmental rights in Nigeria, and challenges of enforceability in order to develop animproved legal framework for applicability of environmental rights in Nigeria. We would seek to determine to what extent Nigerian legal system implements and enforces these natural law rights.

Statement of Problem

There has been much concern by Nigerian citizens and advocacy groups who have raised issues and cast aspersion on the environmental impasseand thereaction of people towards corporate attitude in curbing environmental hazards resulting from industrial activities.A recent report by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) on the pollution of environment in the Niger-Delta area of Nigeria, as well as the serial conflicts between host communities, federal agencies and the industrial community, illustrates a lucid account of human rights problems in relation to environmental protection. This looms large in the oil and gas industry

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