INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF FOREST RESOURCES IN ABIA STATE, NIGERIA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background information 1
1.2 Problem statement 5
1.3 Objectives of the study 8
1.4 Research hypothesis 9
1.5 Justification of the study 9
1.6 Limitations of the study 11
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 12
2.1 Definition of concepts 12
2.1.1 Gender 12
2.1.2 Forest 13
2.1.3 Sustainability 13
2.1.4 Sustainable Forest Management 15
2.1.5 Forest conservation 16
2.2 Forest resource classification 17
2.3 Benefits derivable from forest resources 18
2.3.1 Economic value 19
2.3.2 Social benefits 19
2.3.3 Environmental value 20
2.4 Gender and forest resource management 20
2.5 Factors of forest resource management and sustainability 27
2.5.1 Monitoring, enforcement and forest resource sustainability 27
2.5.2 Property rights, security and resource sustainability 28
2.5.3 Biophysical factors and forest resource sustainability 29 2.6 Theoretical framework of the study 30
2.7 Conceptual framework of the study 33
2.8 Analytical framework of the study 35 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 39
3.1 Study area 39
3.2 Sampling procedure 41
3.3 Data collection 41
3.4 Data analysis/Analytical techniques 42
3.4.1 Empirical model specification 42
3.4.2 A priori expectation of the model 43
3.4.3 Likert scale rating 46
3.4.4 Hypotheses testing 47
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 48
4.1 Forest Ownership and Conservation 48
4.1.1 Forest Ownership, Access and Topography 48
4.1.2 Forest Nature and Ownership Pattern 49
4.1.3 Gender and Forest Resource Conservation 53
4.1.4 Gender and Forest Resource Conservation Strategies 54
4.2 Gender and Forest Resource Management 55
4.2.1 Gender and Forest Resource Management Practices 55
4.2.2 Rationale for Selecting Management Practices 57
4.3 Socio-economic and Environmental Attributes of Respondents 58
4.3.1 Age of Respondents 59
4.3.2 Educational Attainment 59
4.3.3 Marital Status of Respondents 61
4.3.4 Farming Experience of Respondents 61
4.3.5 Occupations of Respondents 62
4.3.6 Household Size of Respondents 63
4.3.7 Extension Access and Membership of Rural Institutions 64
4.3.8 Gender Barrier in Forest Resource Use 65
4.4 Factors Influencing the Adoption of Improved Forest Resources
Conservation Measures 66
4.4.1 Identification of Significant Differences by Gender in their Level of
Adoption of Conservation Strategies 71
4.5 Gender and Forest Resource Benefit 77
4.6 Scale Analysis of Perceived Importance of Forest Resource
Conservation Factors 79
4.7 Forest Resource Use and their Constraints 81
4.7.1 Forest Resources and their Uses 81
4.7.2 Gender and Constraints of Forest Resource Use 84
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 87
5.1 Summary 87
5.2 Conclusion 91
5.3 Recommendations 91
5.4 Major Contributions to Knowledge 95
5.4 Areas for Further Research 95
References
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The role of agriculture and agro-based industries in Nigeria cannot be over emphasized. Agriculture is a source of food for consumption by man, feeds for animals and raw material for the agro-based industries (Edoumiekumo&Audu, 2009). Agriculture contributes to the growth of the economy and also provides employment opportunities for the teeming population and eradicates poverty in the economy, serves as means of income and livelihood, helps in wealth creation and generation of foreign exchange earnings for the country (Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission, 2004). This dominance of agriculture places great premium on the activities of agro-based industries and entrepreneurs in the growth and development of such economies. According to KarandMishra (2004), agro-based enterprises are involved in the production, processing, preservation, manufacturing of agricultural inputs and marketing of agricultural products,and the individuals involved in these activities are the entrepreneurs. An entrepreneur, according to Amuseghan (2008), recognizes opportunities and utilizes them. The entrepreneur starts a business, arranges business ideas and takes risks in order to make profit.
In Nigeria, just like other developing economies the activities of agro-based entrepreneurs are on small-scale bases not exceeding annual turnover of N500,000 (CBN, 2005). Onyebinama (2004) reported that agriculture and agro-based activities in Nigeria are largely on small-scale involving land holding between one (1) and five (5) hectares. In this context therefore, small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs refers to entrepreneurs that are involved in the processing of agricultural products and whose annual turnover are less than N500, 000. As such, this study will concentrate on entrepreneurs that are involved in the processing of agricultural products on small-scale level. Therefore, entrepreneurs involved in the processing of agricultural products add value to them by elongating their shelf life, reducing their bulkiness and creating different varieties and forms. Such agricultural products include cassava, palm nuts, palm kernel, groundnut, plantain, rice, soybean and maize. This has become very imperative in view of the high post-harvest losses associated with agricultural products due to their ease of perishability (Mehta, 2012).
Income, savings and investment are very important parameters that define the wellbeing and performance of small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs. This is because Nigeria, like other developing economiesfaces the herculean task of finding sufficient capital to pursue her developmental efforts (CBN, 2005). As such, the activities of the dominant sector in the economy (i.e. small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs) are affected by their income, savings and investment patterns. Several surveys have shown that Nigerians are trapped in the vicious circle of poverty−low income, low savings and low investments (Obayelu, 2012). The country, therefore, needs very high rates of savings and investments to make a leap forward in her efforts of attaining high levels of growth (CBN, 2005).
Successive administrations in the country have placed emphasis on savings and capital formation as the primary instruments of economic growth in order to increase national income (CBN, 2005).In other words, capital formation plays a vital role in continuous increased production of goods and services, and as such, capital formation has to be supported by appropriate volume of savings. A growth in economic activities stimulates investment, and increased investment in turn enhances economic growth, income and savings levels (Mishra, Das & Mishra, 2010). As noted by Obayelu (2012), increase in savings, use of increased savings for increased capital formation, use of increased capital formation for increased savings for a further increase in capital formation constituted the strategy behind economic growth. This process of increased capital formation leading to increased savings and increased savings leading to increased capital formation will continue till savings, capital formation and income reach desired levels after which savings and capital formation gets stabilized and there would be a steady and self-sustaining increase in national income (Obayelu, 2012).
According to The Macmillan English dictionary (2007), income refers to money that someone gets from working or from investing money. The investment of money is the pre-occupation of entrepreneurs. In the view of Keynes (1936) the income of the agro-based entrepreneurs is the excess of the value of entrepreneurs’ finished output over his prime cost.In other words, it is taken as being equal to the quantity of the output, depending on his scale of production which he endeavors to maximize.The level of income of small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs is central to their savings and investment patterns as almost all models of economic development incorporate a critical role for savings and capital formulation (Morokolo, 2001). Morokolo (2001) reported the view of Gersovitz (1995) that several theorists of the low-level-equilibrium trap adopt the simplification that all income is consumed until a critical level is reached, while a fixed proportion of income above this level is saved. The level of income of the small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs depends upon certain independent factors like family size, number of earners, age, educational level, asset level, savings and investment (Adetunji, 2002). Yusuf and Peters (1984) had argued that Keynesian economists regard the level of current income as the very first rung in a theory of savings. How much an individual, a family, a region and a nation might save depends, quite appropriately on total earnings.
Savings according to Amu and Amu (2012) refers to an amount of money put aside for future use. It is the sacrifice of current consumption to allow for capital accumulation, and is very imperative for supporting and developing rural industries (Obayelu, 2012). Savings provide numerous benefits to small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs directly for investment and indirectly as indication for repayment ability, increase in credit rating and as collateral in a credit market (Brata, 1999).
Investment on its part is the process of injecting capital into a business with the view to generate further capital (Arene, 2008). It leads to increased production which later enhances more consumption and income. The income-expenditure model holds that it is at the point where investment equals savings that the economy attains equilibrium. Adam and Agba (2006) view savings as an important macroeconomic variable that impact significantly on the rate of capital accumulation, productivity, and the independence of a nation in terms of capital and ownership of domestic assets. Alade (2006) succinctly hints that a farmer who consumes the seedlings meant for the next planting season does not expect any harvest. It follows therefore, that high level of domestic savings will facilitate investment, increase in productivity and finally growth in the economy.
1.2 Problem Statement
The rate of economic growth and development in developing economies like Nigeria is driven mainly by the activities of small-scale entrepreneurs (CBN, 2005). For economies like that of Nigeria that is primarily agrarian, small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs become the active drivers. The performance and productivity of these small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs are affected by their level of income, savings and investment(Obayelu, 2012). The trio of income, savings and investment are so webbed together that they are causes and effects of one another. Akingunola (2011) reported that a business with low level of investment will yield low income for the entrepreneur and this low income will further result to low savings. Furthermore, the income level of an entrepreneur will determine the level of his investment. In other words, an entrepreneur with low income level has low investment and savings levels.
Some studies have been carried out on either the income, savings or investment levels of small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs. Olashore (1998), Yusuf (2000) and Obayelu (2012) reported that small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs are characterized by low income, poor access to credit, poor saving rate, risk and uncertainty, poor weather condition, and low level of investment. Also, Albu and Scott (2001) reported that the inability of agro-based entrepreneurs to access credit facilities has restricted their potential to expand their enterprises and as such end up with low income, poor savings and low investment. However, most of these studies did not examine the trio (income, savings and investment) together in order to identify their levels, patterns and inter-relationship. This has created a gap in literature especially in Anambra state that is highly reputed for commerce and industry.
Furthermore, earlier studies have shown that small-scale agro-based industry is faced by a mirage of problems which undermine their productivity (Shehrawat, 2006; Edoumiekumo & Audu, 2009; Ayozie, 2011; Mehta, 2012). Such problems identified include lack of power supply, lack of accessibility to their business areas, low technical know-how, low patronage, poor educational background and multiple taxation by government. Others are irregularity in the supplyof agricultural inputs, inadequate procurement of raw materials, lack of portable water supply, lack of access to land and the challenge of environmental degradation. However, these problems vary from one agro-based firm to another, and also, from one location to another. Empirical studies have not been sufficiently conducted to localize these problems particularly in Anambra state as a prima facie to addressing them. These result to low level of investment, low income and savings levels, and a vicious cycle of poverty that has encapsulated the Nigerian economy. This has created the following research questions which this study will aim at providing answers to:
- what are the socio-economic characteristics of small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs?
- what are their levels of income, savings and investment?
- what are their sources of capital for investment?
- what factors influence their income, savings and investment levels?
- what factors affect the income of small-scale agro-based industries?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The broad objective of this study was to examine the income, savings and investment patterns of small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs in Anambra State.
The specific objectives are to:
- describe the socio-economic characteristics of small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs;
- determine the income and savings statusof small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs;
- analyze the investment pattern of small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs;
- analyze the sources of capital for investment by small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs;
- ascertain the factors that affect the income, savings and investment patterns of small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs;
- identify the factors that affect the income of small-scale agro-based industry;
1.4 Hypotheses of the Study
The following null hypotheses were tested:
- H01:socio-economic factors do not affect the income, savings and investment
patterns of small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs;
- H02: there is no significant difference in the pattern of investment among the
agricultural zones in the state.
1.5 Justification of the Study
The economy of Nigeria remains undeveloped and is driven mainly by economic activities of small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs with low income, savings and investment portfolios. As important as these things are to the growth of the Nigerian economy, the income, savings and investment patterns of agro-based entrepreneurs have not been adequately studied to determine their peculiarities and characteristics. Shitu (2012) reported that increased income, savings and investment patterns have become vital means by which human race can be sustained for a viable development in Nigeria.
However, few studies have examined the relationships between small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs and each of income, savings and investment, but none of these studies have been able to look at all these variables together (Adeyemo&Bamire, 2005; Obayelu, 2012; Mkpado&Arene, 2010). This is very important, bearing in mind that these variables are so interrelated and interwoven that they cannot be treated in isolation. In addition, these studies have not been able to capture every relevant information concerning the income, savings and investment patterns of agro-based entrepreneurs either individually or collectively across the country and particularly, in Anambra State.
This study therefore will provide empirical parameters on the income, savings and investment patterns of small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs.It will also provide useful information on other factors that are affecting the productivity of small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs besides income, savings and investment levels. Results of the study will provide a base for formulating policies that will benefit not only the agro-based entrepreneurs but also entrepreneurs as a whole and the country at large. Students and researchers will find the results very informative and good source of literature materials. In the final analysis, the implementation of the recommendations based on the findings of this work will lead to a robust rural economy, improved productivity and poverty reduction. These effects will permeate into the entire economy which will witness increased in income, savings and investment patterns of small-scale agro-based entrepreneurs.