Public Relations And Dispute Management In Public Limited Liability Company

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Public Relations And Dispute Management In Public Limited Liability Company . A Study Of Dangote Cement Factory Calabar
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The role public relation is like the work of the personnel manager in an organization in relation with the workers. Hence it is a task requiring managerial judgment which places a considerable responsibility on the managers or the people involved.
According to Kevin (1974) defined public relations as interaction between human elements in an organization in their day-to-day work process.
The interaction goes beyond the institution of job rules and regulations and encompasses the existing social relation power position of the actions in the public relation system.
According to Akpala (1993). The role of public relation officer in dispute management involves in every situation a process of defining power and authority relations amongst people, management labour organization and government for job, roles and job values. Organizational dispute is the same as industrial dispute. Every human experiences has one type of period of unrest, dispute or violence. Thus, every human organization is characterized with experiences at one time or the other such as a period of dispute, violence and unrest. However, the  dispute in organizations are not often backed with physical exchange of blows and fighting. Organizations are made of different persons of different characters thus, ideas and wants, demands, as well as views. The filling of unrest, the competition, the stress, the tension of being disengaged, and the insecurity of job could lead to several types of dispute. Dispute ispart of organizational life and may occur between individuals, and between groups. Whiledispute is generally perceived as dysfunctional, it can also be beneficial because it may cause an issue to be presented in different perspectives. dispute  has both positive and negative effects. It can be positive when it encourages creativity, new looks at old conditions, the clarification of points of view, and the development of human capabilities to handle interpersonal differences. dispute  can be negative when it creates resistance to change, establishes turmoil in organization or interpersonal relations, fosters distrust, builds a feeling of defeat, or widens the chasm of misunderstanding.
Azamosa (2004) observed that  disputes involve the total range of behaviours and attitudes that is in opposition between owners/managers on the one hand and working people on the other. It is a state of disagreement over issues of substance or emotional antagonism and may arise due to anger, mistrust or personality clashes.
Two types of  disputes at work have been distinguished. These are:

  • Organized

Otobo (2005:125) expresses that organized  dispute forms part of a conscious strategy to change the situation which is identified as source of discontent. This type of  dispute is thus a group activity, involving deliberate decisions taken at a mass meeting or by selected representatives of affected staff.
In unorganized  dispute, the worker responds to the situation in the only way open to him as an individual, that is, by with drawing from the source of discontent, or in reaction engaging in sabotage and rudeness Agwu (2006: 12) argues that such reaction rarely derives from any real calculative strategy. Indeed, unorganized expression of  dispute are often, not regarded as  dispute  by the persons in the situation. This is why most people may not ordinarily associate acts of rudeness with being in a state of  dispute. Quite often, such rude behaviormay be attributed to “bad mood” and similar psychological states of mind. disputes in organizations, whether organized or unorganized individual or group, need to be managed effectively because of their effects on the organization.
Industrial relations is concerned with the interactions between employers and employees and their respective organizations – as influenced by governmental interventions – at work, or arising outside of the work situation. These interactions can take place at various levels.For example, between an individual employee and his or her employer within an enterprise or workplace; between a group of employees or a trade union and an individual employer; between a trade union or unions and an employers’ organization at industry or sector level; and between peak representative bodies of employees and employers at the national level.
This indicates that employee-employer interactions can be:

  1. individual or collective;
  2. within individual enterprises or workplaces;
  • within groups of enterprises or industries;
  1. at the provincial or state level
  2. at the national level

Irrespective of the level of interaction, it is clear that employees and employers, and their respective organizations, have both common and disputing interests. The common interest relates to the production process, which generates the goods and/or services, and the resultant earnings that enable enterprises to survive, make profits and grow, and which at the same time, provide the means for employees to earn wages and receive benefits.
The  disputing interest relates to the share of production proceeds. Employees seek to improve their wages and non-wage benefits; employers seek to improve profits and returns for the owners and shareholders. A typical example of a  disputing interest is when employers seek discretion over hiring and firing, whereas workers want protection from unfair labour practices. Furthermore,dispute is considered psychologically and socially healthy. It is psychologically healthy because it provides a breather for frustrations and enables a feeling of participation and even of joy. In addition, it is sociable healthy because it encourages opposition to the status quo and provides conditions for social chances and democracy stemming from pluralism and respect to diversity.
Dispute  management has been observed to be an important aspect of corporate management. Ugbaja (2002)notes that the aim of  dispute  management is not to create an ideal corporate situation since that is not attainable given the divergences in the individuals goals, etc. However,  dispute management systematically uses the available  dispute  resolution strategies to build an effective mechanism
m for  dispute  management in corporate organizations. Although there may be existing mechanism and procedures already in place to deal with  disputes whenever they occur, some organizations with reactive managers rise to the situation when it occurs.
1.2    STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
Organizational dispute remains a two-way mechanism for organizational efficiency. While some persons see dispute or conflict as a threat to organizational growth and performance, other view it a s mechanism for efficiency and growth. The diversity in the views of scholars and the need to specifically identify the performance effect and causative impact of industrial dispute necessitated this study. This diversity has led to the questions are they difference perception among firms and individuals which has occasioned this diversity among scholars? If there is what actually is the influential or determining factor?
Unfortunately, the term “dispute” has only the connotation of “bad” for many people; so much so that they think principally in terms of suppression, giving little or no attention to its more positive side. Rico (1964) as cited in Hotepo (2010) emphasizes this by stating that it seems entirely likely that many, if not most, organizations need more dispute, not less. This view supports industrial dispute. However, the question remains is industrial dispute bad? Are there positive effect of industrial dispute on organizations?
Tjosvold (1998) complements this statement arguing that dispute is not the opposite of cooperation but a mechanism that allows perceiving benefits of cooperative work. Furthermore,  dispute is considered psychologically and socially healthy. It is psychologically healthy because it provides a breather for frustrations and enables a feeling of participation and even of joy. And it is sociable healthy because it encourages opposition to the status quo and provides conditions for social chances and democracy stemming from pluralism and respect to diversity. In all what most people view as negative others view as positive.
However, Azamosa (2004) observed that dispute s involve the total range of behaviors and attitudes that is in opposition between owners/managers on the one hand and working people on the other. It is a state of disagreement over issues of substance or emotional antagonism and may arise due to anger, mistrust or personality clashes. Disputes in organizations have destabilizing effects on the overall performance of the organization. It leads to under performance since valuable time and resources (human and material) are used in controlling and managing disputes rather than in enhancing output and productivity. disputes also lead to interpersonal disharmony in the organization which makes attainment of organizational goals difficult. Attaining organizational goals is possible if efforts are always made to reduce the overall level of  dispute within the organization but to what extent is this view feasible? And to what extent does it affect organizational performance. 
1.3    OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objectives of his study is to investigate Publc Relations And Dispute Management In Public Limited Liability Company . A Study Of  Dangote Cement Factory Calabar
 
The following objective of the study are as follows:

  1. To determine maximum training levels and provide basis for sound management development programmes.
  2. To help to ensure optimum use of human resources currently employed.
  3. To provide for the future manpower needs of the organization in terms of skills numbers and ages.
  4. To put to an end inordinate cause of crisis in our organization.

1.4    SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study is mainly on the effect of public relation in managing crisis in Dangote Cement Factory Calabar Local Government Area. With the view that it will provide a snapshot to correcting the abnormality in other institution and Nigeria at large. This study is further limited to the importance of human interaction and job performance in Dangote Cement Factory Calabar.
1.5    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This work is of immersed important to public liability company, it shall provide possible remedies to the problem of manpower development and need, vise versa via job performance, it shall also put to a stop the possible causes or organization crisis and usher-in good working environment.
Academically, the work is of importance because it shall act as basis by which other students will lay hand and for further research on similar topics.
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

  1. Does good public relation practice lead to effective dispute management in Dangote Cement Factory Calabar
  2. Is it proper to invite a third party in setting crisis in Dangote Cement Factory Calabar.
  3. What are the roles of staff motivation towards dispute management

1.6    STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
HO: A good public relation practices leads to an effective dispute management in Dangote Cement Factory Calabar.
HI: Good public relation does not have any relation with effective dispute management but dependention on other variable.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
This work is greatly limited by the following.

  1. Time; Due to time factor, the researcher concentrated and selected few banks as a case study. However, the periodwas well managed as telephone conversation and interviews were conducted within the duration rather than wait to ascertain and reach out to all the banks.

Finance; there is financial constrain during the period of this research. The researcher was able to come out of this through the help of friends and family members
1.8    DEFINITION OF TERMS

  1. Management: This means a kind of work that involves organization goals or objectives.
  2. Organization: It is a set of interrelated compound working together to accomplish some goals
  3. Public: It means the citizens of a given area, the people of town, region, state or country.
  4. Public relation: This means the interaction between human elements in an organization their day-to-day work process.
  5. Questionnaire: It is an instrument of data collection used for the research work.
  6. Managers: Is defined as a person employed to carry out some managerial functions.

LEADERSHIP STYLES AND EMPLOYEES PERFORMANCE

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LEADERSHIP STYLES AND EMPLOYEES PERFORMANCE (A CASE STUDY OF KOGI STATE CIVIL SERVICE)
ABSTRACT
This research thesis is about the impact of leadership style and employees performance in the organization. The objective of this research work is to create knowledge about the relationship that exists between leadership styles and employees performance in the organization. Descriptive research method is adopted and data were collected through questionnaire. The major activity of this thesis were directed by the hypothesis formulated in chapter one. The findings of this study pointed out that a serious relationship exists between leadership style and employees performance in the organization. Also that most of the employees in Kogi state Civil Service are satisfied with the leadership style that exists in their organization because they were paid promptly and incentives are always given to them as bonuses. The conclusion of this study, from the findings shows that leadership style is one of the several factors that affect employees’ performance in the organization. The following recommendations are made by the researcher. There should be training for manager and employees on some principles that are very important for effective productivity. And also those employees should be effectively motivated. Management should also create enabling environment and rules for both leaders and subordinates to carry out activities together as this will give all employee sense of belonging
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
The focus of this study is on leadership styles and their impact on employees’ performance. Leadership is the process of initiating group activities toward goal setting and goal attainment.
BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH STUDY
This research study is on leadership style and employees’ performance. Leadership style is important in an organization, and leading a group is not easy because they can resist leadership.
During the last few decades hundred of laboratory and field studies were conducted to investigate the nature of leadership styles that exists in organizations. Example Ohia state university, Michigan University, managerial grid, etc.
Leadership style indicates the pattern and behaviours adopted by the leader during the process of directing and influencing the group member. The choice of a good leadership
style can be said to be determined by many variables amongst which are the leaders motivational structure, good interpersonal relationship or location of decision making function, whether simple or complex effects the systoles to be used.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The statement of problem in this study is to investigate leadership style and employees’ performance; the knowledge gain from this study, recommendation shall be made on how to improve leadership ability in the organization.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The following are the objective of the study;
(a) To describe pattern of leadership styles in organization
(b) To find out the perception of employee on leadership style
(c) To investigate if leadership styles have any relationship with employee performance
(d) To find out if leadership style improve organizational performance
(e) To make recommendation on how to improve leadership ability in the organization.
HYPOTHESES FOR THE STUDY HYPOTHESIS I
There is no relationship between Democratic or Supportive leadership style and the employee performance.
HYPOTHESIS II
There is no relationship between autocratic or task related leadership style and employees performance.
HYPOTHESIS III
There is no relationship between great man leadership style and employees performance.
HYPOTHESIS IV
There is no relationship between leadership style and organizational performance.
SIGNI FICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this research work are as follows:
(a) It will provide guideline to improve relationship between leaders and subordinates.
(b) It will put an end to the misconception that organization’s success has no bearing or relationship with leadership styles.
(c) It will reduce/eradicate the misdirection and failure in leadership in our organizations.
(d) It will provide guideline for duties and responsibilities for both leaders and subordinates.
MOTIVATION FOR THIS STUDY
The researcher was motivated to carry out this investigation because he wanted to investigate leadership styles and employees performance.
Also this study will help the researcher to identify pattern and behaviour leaders associated with the follower satisfaction and effective group performance and to influence group to take best line of action to attain the organizational objective.
DEFINIT ION OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS LEADERSHIP: Process of directing and inflecting task related activities of group members (Stoner 2005).
Leadership Styles: This is the various patterns of behaviours favours by leaders during the process of directing and influencing workers. (Anayo 1991)
Leader: A leader is one who is given an authority by the organization to lead the subordinate to ward achieving a predicted goal (Codor 1995).
Followers: There is no leader in isolation or absence of followers. Followers are people being lead by the leaders who voluntarily relinquish to the leader their right to make certain independent decisions.
GROUP: A group is a number of people who communicate with one another often over a period of time or span of time and who are few enough so that each person is able to
communicate with all others not as at second hand, through other people, but face to face. Group can be defined as two or more people who interact and influence each other towards a common purpose.
GOALS: Goals are the ends toward which organizational actions are directed. Goals are desired and pursued by an organization. (Onwuchekwa C.I 2002).
MOTIVATION: Motivation is that which causes an individual to change his or her behaviour in a directed end. It is also that which causes an individual to forget his or her own interest and to pursue the interest of an organization. Stonner, Freeman and Subret (2005).
PRODUCTIVITY: Measure of how well an operation’s system functions and an indicator of the efficiency and competitiveness of a single form or department

Awareness and Usage of E-database by Lecturers in Two Selected Colleges

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Awareness and Usage of E-database by Lecturers in Two Selected Colleges in Kwara State University, Malete. {College of Education and College of I.C.T}”
CHAPTER  ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1       Background to the study
The university libraries are libraries established to cater for the academic and research needs of the university. They serve the reading and research interests of undergraduates, lecturers, researchers, and other users. University libraries are big repositories of information and knowledge from all fields of learning to the academic community of students and staff that they serve. University libraries, which are academic libraries, provide support to members of an academic community, including students, researchers and lecturers
University libraries collections are tailored towards achievement of the institution goals of teaching, learning and research. They serve the students, lecturers, administrative members of the academic community as well as others. They are central to learning, research, and have always depended on relevant new technologies, which on the other hand are driven by emerging trends in education and research. The major function of University libraries is to provide resources to meet the needs of users. Their materials are diversified to support teaching and programmers that take place within them. Therefore, the University library has to build a strong collection of information resources in physical and digital formats to cater for the knowledge requirements of students, faculty members and research scholars of the institution.
Akintunde (2006) submitted that, librarianship continues to hold a central place in higher education worldwide. It has remained the strength of the best traditions in academics worldwide. Nonetheless, significant progress will have to be made for Nigerian higher education libraries to be in the main stream of the digital revolution. This is because library services today require more global networking in delivering services.
 
However, the twentieth century was shaped by sweeping changes in communication technologies. The emergence and use of information technology is the century’s most significant development affecting scholarly communication. The application of computers to information processing has brought several products and services to the scenes. Consequently, the academic community has undergone tremendous changes during these years, assuming new dimensions influenced by technology-driven applications. Thus, libraries are using technology to improve the management of scholarly information to strengthen and speedy access to scholarly information.
Electronic-Databases (e-databases) have become an established component of many academic libraries’ collection. These databases often contain journal articles, or references to such articles, e-books, reference sources, conference papers and reports among others. There are various types of these databases such as bibliographic, full-text, directory, numeric and multimedia.
E-databases are widely available and can be accessed from anywhere and by many users at the same time. It is therefore convenient to use. University libraries, therefore, spend large amounts of money on these resources to satisfy the teaching, learning and research needs of its faculty and students. As universities spend substantial amount of money on subscription of these databases, it is only appropriate and economical that these databases are optimally utilized to contribute to the academic achievement of students and faculty and also to get value for money.
In spite of the value of e-databases and ensuring that it is available for use by library clients, studies have shown that usage is not up to level expected or is simply underutilized. Reasons most often advanced for not using the databases include lack of awareness, preference for other sources like general search engines such as Google, lack of search skill, lack of adequate ICT infrastructure, bad downloading time, and at times sheer attitude of users. The manifestation of these reasons may differ from place to place or from situation to situation. Dukic (2013) and Ahmed, 2013b), for example, indicated that usage of e-databases in developed countries is more than in developing countries basically because of poor ICT infrastructure and huge cost of such resources. Anaraki and Babalhavaeji (2013) also pointed out that where students are not aware of existence of e-databases they tend to use general search engines to meet their information needs.
Online electronic information resources usually consist of online books, online journals, online magazines,online newspapers, online theses, dissertations, online databases which are likely to be alternative through media EBSCO HOST, DOAJ, JSTOR, HINARI, are some of the  examples of online electronic databases, these are available on the internet either through open access or commercially (Kumar, and Kumar,2010). On the other hand, offline electronic information resources include e-journals, e-dataarchives, e- manuscripts, e-maps, e-books, e-magazines, e-theses, e-newspapers, e-mail,e-research reports, e-bibliographicdatabase and CD-ROM databases which are accessible through some electronic machines.
According to the International Federation of Library Association and Institution (IFLA) “electronic databases” refer to those materials that require computer access whether through personal computer, mainframe, or handheld mobile device. They may be either accessed remotely via the internet or locally. They include: e-journal, e -books, full text (aggregated) databases, Indexing abstracting databases, reference databases, numeric and statistical databases, e-images, e-audio visuals resources. (IFLA, 2012)
 
1.2       Statement of the problem
University Library is a repository of resources; it is an integral part of the educational system whose primary function is to serve users (students, researchers and staff). Computers and related electronic database have come to play a central role in education. Electronic resources are the prime ingredients and they become a common part of the suite of most academic library resources today. E-databases have brought about a shift in the provision of library services and information by providing wide access to resources from different parts of the world with ease. E- resources provide many advantages over the traditional print based resources. They contain current information because they are updated frequently. They offer advanced search capabilities, and offer flexibility in the storage of results. They enable access and use of information without restriction of time and location.(Kumar and Kumar 2010).  Academic libraries provide access to information resources in various formats including electronic information resources services. This is through open access international donors or annual subscription of online databases such as HINARI, JSTORE, DOAJ, AJOL, EBSCOHOST etc. and other offline information resources, to facilitate access to information resources to users. However, preliminary investigation revealed that most electronic information resources in the Nigeria university Libraries were underutilized (Olusanya, 2014) and there is no element of publicity regarding their availability and usage (Stephen,2012). This brought about the need to investigate the availability and usage of E-databases in Academic Libraries Kwara state.
 
 
1.3      Objectives of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to examine the awareness and uses of library electronic databases by lecturers in university libraries in two selected colleges in kwara state university.
The objectives of the study are as follows;

  1. Identify the types of available library Electronic databases that lecturers are aware of in the selected colleges in kwara state university.
  2. Investigate the types of library E-databases used by lecturers in selected colleges in kwara state university.
  3. Ascertain the extent of use of library e-database by lecturers in selected colleges in kwara state university
  4. To find out the purpose of use of electronic Resources available in the academic libraries in kwara state university.
  5. Identify factors that affect the use of library e-database by lecturers and those problems militating against the use of E=databases in the selected colleges in kwara state university.

1.4       Research Questions

  1. What types of Electronic Databases are available which the lecturers are aware of in the library ?
  2. What types of E-databases are used by lecturers?
  3. What is the extent of usage of the E-databases are available for the lecturers in two selected colleges?
  4. Whatare the purpose of the usage of electronic resources available in academic library in kwara state?
  5. What are those factors and problems that affect the usage of library E-databases by lecturers in the selected colleges of Kwara state university?

1.5       Significance of the Study
The study will reveal the level of awareness and usage of e-databases by lecturers of some selected colleges in Kwara state university and to provide e-services to the growing e-library users. Also, the findings of the study will be of great importance to the government and university management functionaries to plan better in order to meet the changing technological needs of their university libraries. Also, it will serve as a guide to Nigerian university library management in the area of planning and establishing e-libraries.
The study will also be beneficial to librarians and information scientist; with this study they will know the importance of utilization of e resources that is access to current information regardless of time and location. Which would make themaccelerate in their profession.
The study would serve as a source of feedback for the college libraries in the institutions on the provision of electronic information resources and services to the academics and community in general.
The finding of the study could be used as a source of reference for other research on library promotion and use of electronic information resources.
1.6       Scope of the study
This study shall examine the level of awareness and usage of E-databases by lecturers in kwara state university. Specifically, the study shall cover two selected colleges in kwara state university, malete.
The two selected colleges shall consist of the following colleges which are the College of Information and Communication Technology (I.C.T) and the College of Education State University, Malete.
1.7       Operational Definition of Terms
(a) Library Resources: These refer to items containing information anything that is consulted to obtain information.
 (b) University Library: A place where print and non-print information materials are kept for use in a university.
(c) Electronic Database:  database is an organized collection of information or data usually in computer readable form
College: A specialized, semi-autonomous division of a university, with its own faculty, department, library, etc
Lecturers; A person who gives lectures especially as a profession
Awareness; A state of level of consciousness where sense data can be confirmed by an observer
Use; A purpose for which something may employed

THE EFFECT OF MILITARY RULE ON NIGERIA POLITICAL ECONOMY

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THE EFFECT OF MILITARY RULE ON NIGERIA POLITICAL ECONOMY(A CASE STUDY OF ABACHA REGIME 1993 – 1998)
Military rule has been one of the greatest factors responsible for the set back of the African continent. Infact General Sanni Abacha’s regime has been described by many scholar’s, as the most unconcerned government when it comes to the issue of economy. Therefore, this project assesses the effect of military rule on the Nigeria economy choosing the General Sanni Abacha’s regime as a case study. Chapter one serves as the general introduction to the study. Chapter two reviews the past relevant literatures on the issue of military rule of General Sanni Abacha’s regime in particular. In chapter three, General Sanni Abacha’s intervention in Nigeria politics and its aftermath on the economy and discussed. Chapter four guest the in-depth comparative analysis of the regimes policies with its achievements. Chapter five serves as the conclusion of the study where recommendations are govern. The research work, having observed the shortcomings of military rule concludes that all stakeholders in Nigeria politics should do everything possible to prevent military from coming to power in Nigeria.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of Content vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 3
1.3 Purpose of the Study 4
1.4 Significance of the Study 5
1.5 Research Questions 6
1.6 Scope and Limitation 7
1.7 Definition of Key Terms 7
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Survey of Military Rule In Nigeria 9
2.3 Features of Military Rule 14
2.4 Remote and Immediate Causes of Military Rule
of Nigeria 17
CHAPTER THREE: MILITARY RULE IN NIGERIA
SINCE ITS INCEPTION
3.1 Introduction 20
3.2 The Military Rule Under General Yakubu Gowon
(1966 – 1975) 21
3.3 The Military Rule Under Muritala
Muhammed/Olusegun Obasanjo (1975 – 1979) 23
3.4 The Military Rule Under Muhammed Buhari
and General Idiagbon (1983 – 1985) 25
3.5 The Military Rule Under Ibrahim Babangida
Regime (1989) 26
3.6 The Military Rule Under Abacha’s Regime
(1993 – 1998) 30
3.7 The Military Rule Under Abubakar Abdulsalam
Regime (1998 – 1999) 32
CHAPTER FOUR: ABACHA’S REGIME AND NIGERIAN POLITICAL ECONOMY AND HIS INTERNATIONAL RELATION
4.1 Economic Situaton Under Abacha 34
4.2 Political Situation under Abacha 35
4.3 International Relations Under Abacha 36
4.4 Consequences of Abachas Regime 37
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary 43
5.2 Conclusion 45
5.3 Recommendations 45
References 48

Procedural Justice and corporate performance in Nigeria

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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The existence of organizational justice is a critical issue for the success of an organization. It has a direct link with the performance of its employees. Organizational justice has been defined as “the fairness of work place” Wright [1998]. Similarly Organizational justice means “the ways in which employees determine if they have been fairly treated in their jobs and the ways in which these determinants influence other job related issues Moorman [2010].
Organizational Justice has been seen as an important variable that plays major role in improving the performance of employees of an organization. Because different studies have shown, if employees are not treated fairly it results in reduced output from the employees as a natural response to the unfair treatment. Organizational justice has been viewed to enhance overall commitment too  Johnson et al [2002].
The concept of justice is seen to be associated with the concept of equity theory, based on which this study has been developed. Organizational justice has been further divided into three main dimensions namely distributive justice, procedural justice and interactional justice. Distributive justice means the perceived fairness of results and outcomes along with how the decisions are undertaken at the end of appraisal process Cropanzano R [1998]. Secondly, procedural justice, that means fairness of procedures with respect to the processes and methods adopted to reach to the point of how these results have been achieved as well as what ways and procedures have been adopted to reach the final decisions. Similarly, procedural justice describes the fairness of procedures used in the allocation process. Procedural justice also reflects the degree of fairness in the procedures adopted to determine how individuals are treated and how respective benefits are given. Thirdly, interactional justice relates with how people interact and communicate with one another Greenberg [1990]. Interactional justice also refers to the quality and fairness of inter personal treatment during enactment of Organizational decisions and procedures. It also highlights the human aspects of interaction expressed in respect, politeness, honesty, dignity. Justice plays an exceptional role as a binding force in reducing opportunism and enhancing relationships between individuals.
When we discuss the corporate performance it has been mainly divided into in-role performance and extra-role performance. In-role performance means how an employee performs his/her specific job requirements/assignments as per their official contract Anderson SE [2011]. On the other hand, extra-role performance means the performance outside the basic job requirements and needs an individual’s will and wish to perform George [1992]. The link between performance and justice has a long history and both have been found to be closely related. Different researchers have found that all the three dimensions of organizational justice are extremely important in getting an improved performance from the employees of an organization. These three dimensions of organizational justice have got a multiplicative influence on employee’s performance.
A variety of literature is available on the subject of organizational justice and corporate performance in private sector organizations. However, public sector has got relatively lesser attention particularly in Nigeria a lot is still required to be done in this regard. An effort is being made through this study to analyze the impact of Procedural Justice and corporate performance. It is hoped that based on the findings of this study recommendations will be given for individuals, organizations to improve upon their weak areas and open doors for future research.
1.1 Background to the Study
The subject of research has come under discussion from different perspectives by a number of researchers in various sectors like manufacturing, banking, and educational sector etc. However, a limited research exists on public sector organizations. Particularly, in a developing country like Nigeria, where a large number of public sector organizations are playing a pivotal role in development of the country in different capacities, organizational justice being the corner stone of any organization’s success needs further insights. This will help us to reach to viable conclusions for future guidance. The existence of organizational justice or otherwise has its bearing on the performance of its employees, because the individual performance of each and every member of the organization leads towards overall performance of the organization to achieve its goals. Keeping this background in view this study was planned to have further insights with respect to the Procedural Justice and corporate performance in Nigeria so as to reach to viable conclusions for future guidance.
1.2 Problem statement
The research was conducted keeping in view the public sector organization’s need in Nigeria, in addition to the overall achievement of organizational goals the performance of every employee counts irrespective of their type of job and individual designations. Organizations need to develop such a system where conclusive environment is provided to its employees within the existing resources to get better employee performance. Organizational justice means that distribution of pay, rewards and other benefits needs to be fair along with other resources to ensure distributive justice. Similarly, the procedures used in the organization are such that they are applied across the organization equally without any biasness among the employees. The interactions between individuals also need to be professionally conducted rather than personal likings or disliking. However, having said is easy then it is being done in the organization fairly across the board. This aspect of justice needs further research to explore its various affects.
1.3 Research objective
The main objective of this study is on Procedural Justice and corporate performance
The outcomes of the study are aimed at achieving two specific objectives:

  1. To determine the impact of organizational justice on employee performance in Public Sector Organizations of Nigerian
  2. To determine the impact of distributive, procedural and interactional justice on employee performance in Public Sector Organizations of Pakistan.

1.4 Research Questions
This research aims at finding the solutions of two research questions which are representing the central theme of research.
Q1. Does organizational justice have positive and significant impact on the performance of employees?
Q2. Does distributive, procedural and interactional justice have positive and significant impact on the performance of employees?
1.5 Significance of research
The study is expected to have a great deal of significance for organizations, individual employees, and managerial staff and research scholars. Organizations can look into the weak areas of their HR departments based on research findings. They can improve the distribution of various resources, pays, rewards and other related benefits along with improving their procedures to enhance their employee performance. Individual employee can also get guidance to enhance their performance towards achievement of organizational goals. Managerial staff can get guidance to further improve their ways of dealing with employees fairly. Research scholars can be facilitated to carryout research on related aspects of the study in future.
1.6 Hypothesis of the Study
Hi : Organizational justice does not have any significant impact on the performance of employees
Hi. Distributive, procedural and interactional justice does not have any  significant impact on the performance of employees

Audience Perception of Political News Coverage on Television

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Audience Perception of Political News Coverage on Television; A Study of African Independent Television (AIT) and Nigerian Television Authority
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1       Background to the study   
Onyebuchi (2012), asserts that in this era of digital technology and globalization of communication, the media have crucial role to play in creating awareness and giving first class information to the populace on issues emanating from the society and governance by their elected leaders. Research has shown that successful countries are rated on how well organized their system of government and political system affects their citizens’ standard of living, Onyebuchi (2012 p.12).
The way and manner a society is governed directly or indirectly reflects on the behavioural pattern and perception of its citizens. Agbo (2013), noted that in a democratic society, the media especially the television station is one of the major sources of communication between the government and its citizen. Agbo (2013 p. 16), also asserts that the media through the television stations disseminate information, news items, transmit political programmes, developmental projects and pitfalls of the various arms of government in a particular country.
According to Akpan (2012, p.16), private owned television stations such as Africa Independent Television (AIT) have been known for disseminating news and information related to politics and major happenings in the political industries around the world. Hence, there is close relationship between communicating political news and other political related news contents. Akpan (2012), added that viewers not only listen to news, they also analyse, select, make comments, give opinions and share comments on how they perceive media effects on politics generally.
In order to establish a robust and information rich society, adequate communication is necessary and a media house that has distinguished itself will definitely excel especially in the present political juggernaut around the world. AIT is a subsidiary of DAAR Communications Plc which was established in 1994 by Chief Aleogho Dokpesi. DAAR Communications Plc is the foremost Independent Broadcast Organization in the Federal Republic of Nigeria pioneering private/independent broadcasting with the establishment of RayPower 100.5FM, AIT, Daarsat – The first fully Nigerian base digital multi-channel direct-to-home subscription TV and an indigenous station FAAJI FM, (http://www.aitonline.tv/live).
The Nigerian Television Authority, also known as NTA is a Nigerian government-owned and partly commercial broadcast was inaugurated in 1977. At inauguration it had monopoly on television broadcasting in the country. The NTA runs the biggest television network in Africa with stations in several parts of Nigeria. Formerly known as Nigerian Television (NTV), the network began with a takeover of regional television stations in 1976 by the then Nigerian military authorities, and is widely viewed as the authentic voice of the Nigerian government (http://www.ntaonline.tv/live).
Konstantin (1991), observes that the perception of audience regarding television news content has long been of interest to communication researchers. Konstantin (1991), explained that perceptions of credibility have been found to be influenced by the content of the news reports and characteristics of the news anchor, suggesting that perceptions of credibility may be influenced by presentation variables. Konstantin (1991, p.6) further noted that public perception is the aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs in a system. It can also be seen as the complex collection of opinion of different people and the sum of all their views or as a single opinion held by an individual about a socio-economic or political topic. Key component in the formation of public perception is “framing”. Framing is when a story or piece of news is portrayed in a particular way and is meant to sway the audience attitude one way or the other.
Church (2012), posits that in the past, the traditional media organizations have been the basic means of connecting the public with news on social and political world. For a longer period of time, such media have been observed as a means of preventing the citizens from knowing some of the misdeeds of the government especially in politics. As explained by Church (2012), politics in the modern societies can be understood as a system, which organizes and governs the public way of life and taking care of the overall interests of the citizens. The role of the mass media in creating and strengthening the public opinion is pivotal. Hence, with the advent of independent media houses in the process of democratization, expressions and thoughts of the general public have been made easy.
The television today represents a channel of information dissemination, such as the political happenings, events, quarrels and debates. Thus, the manner in which the television station packages and transmits information has an influence on the audience, since it is through the media the audience learn, judge, analyse and make informed decisions about their political issues. Politics cannot exist without the voice of the media, because only through it, the public get to know the plans, activities and agenda of the political parties (Siljanovska and Ejupi, 2013).
In mass media, channels of transmission of news include: the press, radio, television and internet. The media generally have specific technical-technological characteristics with which they transmit their news. The role of the mass media in creating and strengthening public opinion is very important. The advent of independent media houses in the present democratic settings has contributed to the growth and freedom of expression and perception. In modern societies, getting authentic information is critical to the quality of decision making by the citizens and the legislators. The growth of the mass media and their capability to transmit information and messages to a large population has turned the media world into a large social institution (Gilens, 2009).
It is against this backdrop that the researcher seeks to investigate the perception of viewers/audience about political news coverage on television stations using AIT and NTA as the main focus. Efforts shall be made to find out the impact of television in the dissemination of political news and politics in general.
1.2       Statement of Research Problem            
One of the most common generalizations about politics is that today’s voters are less informed and less engaged than voters in prior generations. This perceived decline in political engagement echoes a decline in both exposure to news and the quality of political news. According to Gilens (2009), television viewers have been waning steadily for decades, the network programme as Gilens (2009), asserts have lost a third of their viewers, and the content of campaign coverage in these news outlets has shifted away from policy to scandals, gaffes, and the horse race. It is no wonder, then, that citizens are viewed as less equipped to make electoral decisions today than they were 50 years ago (Gilens, et al., 2009). Despite the efforts of the private electronic media to help in the growth and development of the country, by keeping audience informed about political activities in the country through their political news and programs, these media houses shortcomings such as lack of resources to verify stories which can lead to spread of misinformation, it can lead to ruin of reputation of an individual or a company through spread of rumors. Also, there is dependence on the disposition of the audience, which may be favorable or unfavorable, positive or negative, good or bad. Thus, these short comings have prevented them from serving the audience effectively.
It is in this context that this work will study the audience perception of political news coverage on Africa Independent Television (AIT) and Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) in Ilorin metropolis. The study will seek to proffer and suggest solutions to some of the challenges mentioned above.
1.3       Objectives of study  
The objectives of this study are:

  1. To examine the extent to which residents of Ilorin metropolis are exposed to political news coverage on AIT and NTA Ilorin.
  2. To examine the attitude of residents of Ilorin metropolis towards political news coverage on AIT and NTA Ilorin
  3. To find out the relationship between political awareness of residents in Ilorin metropolis and their perception of political news coverage on AIT and NTA Ilorin
  4. To find out the influence of political news coverage and political behaviour of the audience

Media Influence On The Lifestyle Of Youths In Nigeria. A Study Of Private University And Federal University

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    BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The speed of Internet has changed the way people receive the information. It combines the immediacy of broadcast with the in-depth coverage of newspapers making it perfect sources for news and weather information. Even with the multimedia excitement of the web, Electronic mail (email) is the most frequently used application of the Internet. Many people, who have access to the Internet at school, home and at work place use the Internet for no other purpose than to send and to receive the mail. It‘s not just friends and co-workers that are receiving email. Wherever you look, the web is providing email addresses. This has made communication between the strangers easier than ever. Chatting is one of the more popular activities on the Internet- people can talk to anyone across the world.
 
 
Introduction of social media networking sites has facilitated communication. These are web-sites where users can create a profile and connect that profile to others to form an explicit personal network. They are web-based services that allow individuals to:

  1. Construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system

 

  1. Articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection

 

  1. View and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the

 
The nature and nomenclature of these connections may vary from site to site.
 
 
Through social media, people can use networks of online friends and group memberships to keep in touch with current friends, reconnect with old friends or create real life friendships through
 
similar interests or groups. Besides establishing important social relationships, social media members can share their interests with other likeminded members by joining groups and forums. Some networking can also help members find a job or establish business contacts. Most social media websites also offer additional features. In addition to blogs and forums, members can express themselves by designing their profile page to reflect their personality.
 
 
The most popular extra features include music and video sections. The video section can include everything from member generated videos from hundreds of subjects to TV clips and movie trailers (You tube).
It is therefore the aim of this study to establish the impact that these social media has on the young individual‘s behavioral change.
 

    STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study will try to find out Media Influence On The Lifestyle Of Youths In Nigeria. Technology has many positive aspects but, in the wrong hands, it can become dangerous. For the young people it is experiments to do what they feel is good or exciting to them and the friends and at the same time avoid adult supervision. Livingstone (2008) opines that for teenagers, the online realm may be adopted enthusiastically because it represents ‗their‘ space, visible to the peer group more than to adult surveillance, an exciting yet relatively safe opportunity to conduct the social psychological task of adolescence – to construct, experiment with and present a reflexive project of the self in a social context, as well as, for some, for flouting communicative norms and other risk-taking behaviors.
 
Technology brought about social media which is a valuable tool but is somewhat misused by today‘s youth. The two main forms that the youth use to access social media are cell phones and the Internet which have brought about major changes in their lifestyle.
With the current exposure and easy access that the youth are able to get out of these mediums, this study will establish the impacts it has have on the youth. Issues that are expected to arise out of this research include exposure to problematic materials, online victimization of youth, exposition to unnecessary online marketing and advertising, exposure to dangerous online behaviours, issues of identity theft, the emergence of digital divide and generation gap between parents and the youth.
 
 
According to Ritchel, Matt in an article, ―Growing up Digital, Wired for Distraction.” on The New York Times. 21 Nov. 2010, others include wastage of time, building of shallow and harmful relationships, and, eventually, causing rather than alleviating, users‘ depression, loneliness, social isolation, and withdrawal among others.
 
 

    OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The goal of this research is to address the impact and implications of  media on the Nigerian youths especially those in private and federal Universities on the way they are using these medium and the consequences of that use on their behaviour.

Specific Objectives:

 

  1. To determine how the youth in Nigerian private and federal university use social media in their daily lives

 

  1. To determine if the youth in Nigerian private and federal university prefer social media as means of communication as opposed to traditional

 

  1. To find out the impacts social media has on behavior changes among the Nigerian private and federal university.

 

  1. To determine the risks that comes with use of social media on the Nigerian private and federal university

 
 

    RESEARCH QUESTIONS

 
The following research questions guided the study:
 

  1. How do the youth in Nigerian private and federal university use social media in their daily lives?

 

  1. Do the youth in Nigerian private and federal university prefer social media as a means of communication as opposed to traditional methods?
  2. What are the impacts of social media on the behavior change of youths in Nigerian private and federal university ?

 

  1. What are the risks that come with use of social media among the youths in Nigerian private and federal university ?

    JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

It is hoped that the findings of this study will bridge the gap of lack of sufficient information on the effects of social media on the youth and behavior change. The findings of this study may also be useful to the policy makers in various sectors of the government. For instance, in the educational sector curriculum developers will be informed when developing curriculum for the youth. In the health ministry, it will help doctors especially those dealing with counseling of the youth to know which tools to use to effectively communicate to the youth. The results of the study are likely to influence further scholarly research by other researchers who may be interested in this field of knowledge and initiate appropriate mitigation.
 

    SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study seeks to find out the impacts of social media among the youth on behavior change. While the study recognizes that new interactive technologies have impacts on other age groups outside the youth bracket, and as such this study will limit itself only to the youths in Nigerian private and federal university .
 
 

    LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The study is limited by time and financial resources and as result the research will have to source for more financial resources and use alternative means. Since few similar studies have been done especially in institutions of higher learning, there is limited empirical literature on the area of impacts of media on behavior change especially in the context of Nigerian private and federal university . Another expected limitation is that the youth might fail to give correct information on the basis of invasion of their privacy. The researcher will explain to them that the study is purely for academic purposes and not motivated by any other interests whatsoever.
 
 

    ASSUMPTIONS

The researcher will basically proceed with assumption that she will be able to locate the respondents and that they will be willing to co-operate and give truthful and sincere answers to the items listed in the questionnaires.

ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN JOURNALISM PRACTICE IN NIGERIA

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ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN JOURNALISM PRACTICE IN SOUTH-SOUTH NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF RIVERS, BAYELSA AND DELTA STATES
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .. .. .. .. .. .. 1
1.1 Background to the Study .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4
1.3 Objectives of the Study .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5
1.4 Research Questions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5
1.5 Research Hypotheses .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6
1.6 Significance of the Study .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6
1.7 Operational Definition…. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6
References .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .. .. .. .. .. 10
2.1 Journalism Practice: The Nigerian Experience .. .. .. .. .. 10
2.2 Professionalism and Media Ethics .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14
2.3 Identity of a Professional Journalist .. .. .. .. .. .. 14
2.4 Freedom for the Media – Issues of Journalism Ethics in Nigeria .. .. 15
2.5 How Appropriate are the Ethics of Journalism Practice in Nigeria .. .. 20
2.6 The Media and Integrity .. .. .. .. .. .. 25
2.7 Problems of Ethics and Journalism In Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. 29
2.8 Remedies to the Challenges of Journalism Practice in Nigeria .. .. .. 33
2.9 News commercialization, ethics and objectivity in journalism practice in
Nigeria.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34
2.10 Theoretical Framework .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 44
References .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 49
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .. .. .. .. 51
3.1 Research Design .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 51
3.2 Population of Study .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 51
3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 52
3.4 Measuring Instrument .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53
3.5 Validity and Reliability of Instrument .. .. .. .. .. .. 54
3.6 Method of Data Analysis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 54
3.7 Limitation to the Methodology .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 54
References .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 55
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION.. 56
4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56
4.2 Discussion of Findings.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 63
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67
5.1 Summary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67
5.2 Conclusion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67
5.3 Recommendations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67
Bibliography .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 69
Appendix .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 72
 

Effect Of Workshop Programme On Naija Fm On The Audience Behaviour

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ABSTRACT
This study was designed to assess Effect Of Workshop Programme On Naija Fm On The Audience Behavior. A survey method was adopted in undertaking the study and stratified random sampling technique was used in the selection of the sample size for the study. Five research questions were formulated for the study involving the staff of naija Fm. Answers were sought on available types of information on workshop programme which include: Health, Let Them Live, Agric Panorama, Animal Husbandry, Inside Politics, Politics Today, Entrepreneurship among others. From a sample population of three hundred and twenty three (323) questionnaires distributed, two hundred and ninety three (293) were returned. Data was analysed, using frequency tables, percentage count, pie charts, bar charts, and histograms. The researcher assessed the message content, language used in presenting the workshop programmes on health, agriculture, politics, sports, cultural activities and economic empowerment programmes. Efforts were made to ascertain whether audience benefit from the programmes or not, the level of benefits, behaviour and level of satisfaction derived from these programmes by the audience and how it shaped their behavior. The study discovered that the workshop programmes aired by the radio played appreciable roles in effectively disseminating information and shaping the behavior of the audience. The study found out that the management of Naija Fm houses and audience were positive about the potential of enlightenment on government socio-economic workshop programme, while some respondents took for granted the information they got from the programme. The study also discovered the challenges faced by stations such as inadequate modern equipment, inadequate funds, lack of ICT facilities, and clashes in time schedule for the programmes by different stations, security of their equipment and government interference. It was recommended that, taking into consideration people‟s socio-cultural and religious way of life, the use of simple language, good timing and developing audiences‟ research mechanism will go a long way in influencing listeners of the programme towards attitudinal change. It is also recommended that government and well- meaningful Nigerians should ensure the provision of new and up-to-date facilities, provision of ICT facilities, smooth broadcasting of programmes, improved human capacity building for radio personnel; provision of adequate funds by government, provision of security to safeguard the equipment, as well as the enactment of relevant laws that would prevent unnecessary government interference.
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The influence of radio on workshop programmes cannot be undermined in national development. It is on this basis that radio is used as a medium of communication to the rural and urban dwellers through information dissemination on socio- economic workshop programme, aired by various radio broadcasting stations in Nigeria . Over the years, government has been battling with the issues of socio-economic problems, through various workshop programmes in the areas of health, agriculture, politics, sports, culture, economic empowerment, among others, which are key to economic development (Meyer, 2005).
From time immemorial, radio has been acknowledged as one of the most important landmarks of information vanguard in human communication. It is on this fact that government uses it to enlighten its citizenry on its policies and socio-economic workshop programme that are vital to human development. Radio also plays a tremendous role in serving as the basic element of interaction and information-sharing among the listeners, who pay attention to government workshop programme that have immense benefits to them, including those in the rural areas. These workshop programmes have brought improvement in various areas of human endeavour, such as health, agricultural practice and products, partisan politics, sport activities, cultural activities and economic empowerment programmes across the state (Dauda, 2011).
In Lagos state, these programmes are aired by naija radio fm, in English, to the listeners on socio-economic development.
Radio stands to serve as an agent of social mobilization to enable people deliver certain goals, based on the awareness they receive to demonstrate their rights, as radio signals travel very fast and are considered the most popular, viable and cost effective means of communication. Radio breaks the barrier of distance, literacy, language diversities, which can accelerate social transformation, geared towards socio-economic development. “Prior to the early or late 20th century, radio has grown to a global phenomenon in affecting mass mobilization by conveying information and ideas to distant isolated locations” (Dominic, 1999). What is obvious about radio is its ability, as a medium, to change attitudes and behaviour of its audience, which include the rural dwellers. In order to tackle the problems, facing the rural populace, through the provision of their basic needs, government usually embarks on developmental programmes and projects, which cover a wide range of human endeavours. According to Asemah (2010), “development is a process of change in attitude, social, structural and general acceleration of economic growth, through reduction of poverty and inequality”. Asemah (2011) also notes that development in human society is a many-sided process. At the level of the individual, it implies increased skills and capacity, greater freedom, creativity, self-discipline, responsibility and material well-being. The achievement of any of these aspects is very much tied with the state of the society as a whole. Development involves the creation of opportunities for the realization of
human potentials. Human beings have certain basic needs, which must be satisfied so that they can properly function in the society. Among these are enough food, employment and the elimination of the kinds of inequality, which leads to poverty.
According to Bittner (2005), “radio is an effective medium for mass mobilization, especially in enlightenment and workshop programme”. It is on this basis that government uses radio in communicating to its citizens on planned developmental programmes, which can impact on the lives of the people, in Lagos state, in the areas of health, agriculture, education, shelter, portable water, roads and transportation, electricity, security, tourism, among others. It is based on these needs that “Communication experts opine that for any development effort to succeed, the people must be provided with adequate information that will enable them understand the significance of the projects to their lives and then, take informed decision either to take part or not,” (Ochonogor, 2004). It, thus, suggests that the ability of the media to broadcast relevant messages to specific audiences would enable such to take decisions, which would ordinarily impact on their lives and the environment they are located in.
Statement of the Problem
Government uses radio to communicate with citizens through providing them with information about the existing services and projects that are vital to human development in terms of workshop programme. It also helps the rural populace to benefit from these developmental programmes of government. If government can provide the necessary machineries to monitor development projects in rural areas, radio must be involved. It is a known fact that government may have been making tremendous efforts over the years towards this direction, however, as serious as these programme may be, they yield little positive results on the lives of the audience. It is on this basis that dissemination of information through the radio is very vital for development. According to Anthony (2007) 80% of the Nigeria population are rural based and need developmental programmes to help them live a meaningful life. Through government information disseminated to them, they are being enlightened on its plans, concerning rural development.
Based on preliminary observation, this study centres on Effect Of Workshop Programme On Naija Fm On The Audience Behaviour . The aim of this research is to assess the workshop programme, aired by Naija Fm station to the rural dwellers, as regards the benefits and challenges in this programmes aired to the audience.
Research Questions
This research is geared towards eliciting answers to the following questions:
What are the enlightenment and socio-economic workshop programme, aired on Naija Fm broadcasting stations in Lagos state?
What are the areas in which the enlightenment and socio-economic workshop programme are aired on Naija Fm broadcasting stations?
What are the aims of these enlightenment and socio-economic workshop programme broadcast on Naija fm?
What are the benefits of these enlightenment and socio-economic workshop programme aired by Naija Fm to audience behavior?
What is the level of satisfaction derived from the enlightenment and socio- economic workshop programme?
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study include the following:
To identify the various enlightenment and socio-economic workshop programme, run by the Naija Fm broadcasting stations in Lagos state.
To identify the various sectors in which the enlightenment and socio-economic workshop programme are aired.
To determine the aims of these enlightenment and socio-economic developmental programmes. on on workshop programme
To examine the level of satisfaction by male and female audience from the enlightenment and socio-economic workshop programme, broadcast by radio stations in Lagos state.
Significance of the Study
The essence of carrying out this research is to identify the areas of value of public enlightenment and workshop programme, with a view to determining how these enlightenment programmes are used to enhance efficiency among audience. This research adds value to knowledge and proffers solution to the existing problems, which shall help in both the radio broadcasting and the societal development.
Government planned developmental programmes hinge on impacting positive well-being on its people across borders. This can go a long way to promote the image of the nation and also indicate that government shows more concern on developmental programmes, especially to the rural dwellers that are far from its decision- making centre. Therefore, findings from this study can be used by radio broadcasting stations to improve on their enlightenment and workshop programme.
Scope of the Study
This study is delimited to Effect Of Workshop Programme On Naija Fm On The Audience Behaviour . Looking at the broadcast nature of electronic media, this work is delimited to Naija Fm
Operational Definition of Terms
For better understanding, it is necessary to define the following terms and concepts as used in the context of this study:
Assessment: This is the act of making judgment, evaluation, estimation or investigation. Rural: Refers to hamlets or villages located outside or away from towns and cities where they still have high traditional lifestyles that may not be found in urban areas or centres.
Enlightenment: The act of giving information in order to broaden or enhance knowledge, understanding and awareness to people.
Workshop programme: These are the processes of making more advanced progress in the lives of rural persons with the creation of opportunities for realization of human potentials.
Broadcasting Stations: These are media houses where information is processed and transmitted through signals and is being received by the public.

The Effect Of Marketing Information System In Performance Of Small And Medium Scale Enterprises ( A Study Of Foodco Nigeria Limited)

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CHAPTER ONE 

  • INTRODUCTION

Marketing information system is the process of gathering information to learn about something that is not fully known. It is also includes all the data, in terms of facts opinions, views, guideline and policies which are necessary to make vital marketing decisions, the data is collected from customer. Competitors company sales forces and other staff. Government sources specialized agencies and sources.
Marketing information system provide relevant reliable and required information in respect of business environment both internal and external environment. And it is vital for successful decision making. Marketing information system helps to recognize marketing trends. The changing trends may be in respect of prices, product, design packaging promotion schemes etc and managers can take effective decision in respect of price, product, design etc. in response to changing trend in the environment.
Marketing Information System help achieving the organization decision making in every aspect of marketing, there is need to make constant correct decision properly designed, marketing information system promptly supplies reliable and relevant information, with the help of computers and other data processing equipment. The marketing managers can make the right decision at the right time.
Marketing information system provides marketing intelligence of the events that are happening in the external environment. E.g. changing in customer taste, expectation, competitors’ strategies, government policies, international environment with the help of marketing information system organization specialist.
It is possible to collect marketing intelligence which is vital to make effective marketing decision.
Marketing information system facilitates marketing planning and control. It required in terms of product planning, pricing, promotion and distribution. Such planning will be possible only if the company is possessing adequate and relevant information objective.
Marketing information system organization take quick decision for the purpose, it requires fast flow of information which is facilitated by a properly design. Marketing information system timely supply of marketing information management can make quick and effective decision.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
 
CHAPTER ONE

  • INTRODUCTION
    • BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
    • STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
    • OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
    • RESEARCH QUESTION
    • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
    • SCOPE OF THE STUDY
    • LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
    • DEFINITION OF TERMS

 
CHAPTER TWO

  • LITERATURE REVIEW
    • INTRODUCTION
    • DEFINITION OF MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM
    • CONCEPT OF MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM
    • INFORMATION SYSTEM
    • COMPONENTS OF MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM
    • THE NEED FOR A MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM
    • ORGANIZATION OF MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM

 
CHAPTER THREE

  • RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
    • INTRODUCITON
    • RESEARCH DESIGN
    • SOURCES/METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
    • POPULATION AND SAMPLE SIZE
    • SAMPLE TECHNIQUE
    • VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF MEASURING INSTRUMENT
    • METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

 
CHAPTER FOUR

  • PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
    • INTRODUCTION
    • PRESENTATION OF DATA
    • ANALYSIS OF DATA
    • INTERPRETATION OF RESULT

 
CHAPTER FIVE

  • SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
    • INTRODUCTION
    • SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
    • CONCLUSION
    • RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES
APPENDIX
 
CHAPTER ONE 

  • INTRODUCTION

Marketing information system is the process of gathering information to learn about something that is not fully known. It is also includes all the data, in terms of facts opinions, views, guideline and policies which are necessary to make vital marketing decisions, the data is collected from customer. Competitors company sales forces and other staff. Government sources specialized agencies and sources.
Marketing information system provide relevant reliable and required information in respect of business environment both internal and external environment. And it is vital for successful decision making. Marketing information system helps to recognize marketing trends. The changing trends may be in respect of prices, product, design packaging promotion schemes etc and managers can take effective decision in respect of price, product, design etc. in response to changing trend in the environment.
Marketing Information System help achieving the organization decision making in every aspect of marketing, there is need to make constant correct decision properly designed, marketing information system promptly supplies reliable and relevant information, with the help of computers and other data processing equipment. The marketing managers can make the right decision at the right time.
Marketing information system provides marketing intelligence of the events that are happening in the external environment. E.g. changing in customer taste, expectation, competitors’ strategies, government policies, international environment with the help of marketing information system organization specialist.
It is possible to collect marketing intelligence which is vital to make effective marketing decision.
Marketing information system facilitates marketing planning and control. It required in terms of product planning, pricing, promotion and distribution. Such planning will be possible only if the company is possessing adequate and relevant information objective.
Marketing information system organization take quick decision for the purpose, it requires fast flow of information which is facilitated by a properly design. Marketing information system timely supply of marketing information management can make quick and effective decision.

  • BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The essence of this research on this particular topic is to know the importance of marketing information system in the achievement of organization objective. No meaningful decision is made without information and therefore information is a data that have been processed, interpreted and understood by the recipient of the message. This success of any organization is rooted mostly around the amount and quality of information they get. May scholars believed that to manage a business well is to manage its future is to manage information. For that we now look at the importance of information:

  1. Information tend to cover various areas of marketing operational areas.
  2. information will keep organization aware on what is happening in the labour market for that reason, must specialized areas of management have their professional information system, especially with the advent of computer technology in the 1950’s which makes it easy to transmit information directly from the operating level to the highest authority without obstructing from point. We now define organization as a combination of people or individual effort purposes called organizational goal. Marketing information system (MIS) consist of people, equipment and procedure to gather, sort and analyze, evaluate and distribute accurate, timely and pertinent information. Differently put, it is an orderly procedure for the regular collection of raw data both internally and externally and conversion of these data for marketing decision. Data is regularly collected, they are continually dated as environment condition changes. The data are converted into useful information e.g. sales figure may be translated into a plan of production in the coming week or for increasing or decreasing the budget for production. Manufacturing organization performance revolves around those types of information and management information that will emphasis on information system as it influence effective performance in the manufacturing organization.
    • STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Observation has proved that for an organization to function very well and for it to have dynamic and flexible outcome of production, it depends largely on the proper use of marketing information system to minimize risk and about failure in manufacturing organization. The essence of this study is to show the relevance of (MIS) to marketing and in facilitating decision making of marketing and also to determined the extent to which it has enable planning, control and operation all functions of an organization planning requires marketing information system, the marketing have to retrieve information accurately from difference reliable sources to enhance quality decision making marketing information system aid the reception.
That most organization don’t have effective information system and if they have their information are not effective as to its role towards goal objective attainment. Most marketers are governed by institution and judgment as to what cause of action to follow in their planning and decision making function many of them as a matter of facts don’t make use of the information supplied to them from within and outside the organization and if they do to some degree, they don’t make optimum use of the data received about the business environment. There is also problem of evaluating the impact of marketing information system towards the achievement of objective many marketers are yet to capitalize and utilize information for decision making and goal attainment. Therefore the questions are as to whether marketing information system enable organizations to achieve their objectives.

  • OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of this study is on The Effect Of Marketing Information System In Performance Of Small And Medium Scale Enterprises and specifically to achieve the following objectives:

  • To understand how marketing research aids in the achievement of organization objective in marketing performance attainment.
  • To ascertain whether the use of marketing in intelligent system contribute significantly to the accuracy of marketing information system.
  • To find out whether marketing internal reporting system is for any benefit to achievement of organizational objectives.
  • To determine the relevance of marketing analytical system to achievement of organization objectives
  • To find out whether the performance of marketing decision support system enhances the marketing manufacturing organization.
    • RESEARCH QUESTION

In order to get clearer picture and focus for this we can pose serious question necessary for the solution of the problem we have identified in section 1.2 above such question includes these below;

  1. Why is marketing information system essential to business organization?
  2. Why do many business organization need marketing information system?
  3. is there no organization that need marketing information system.
  4. Do marketers have information system and how efficient is their information system if there are?
    • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In every establishment be it marketing of product, Banking of customers funds or money and even non-profit making organization there must be a purposeful target audience which efforts are worked effectively and efficiently to actualize the organizational goals.
Based on the research topic, which is the relevance of marketing information system in the achievement of organization objectives. The following points are significance to be listed below;

  1. With the help of marketing information system, past records on sales are stored properly in order to apply techniques to improve marketing concept.
  2. It is also significance for an organization to protect the system in order not to temper by malicious operators of the marketing information system.
  3. Again, the marketing information system has to be in a better placement so that, the information in the system can be saved for future use by the organization objectives realization.
    • SCOPE OF THE STUDY
    • The Effect Of Marketing Information System In Performance Of Small And Medium Scale Enterprises
    • LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

In an undertaking of the nature, it demand that a lot of resources, time, energy, intellectual ability and carefulness should be expanded. There is no doubt that there should be limitation and obstacle looming largely ahead. Trying to prove insurmountable of all the limitation is time fact or which tends to the most crucial in spite of the length period allowed the researcher lots of problem came in between to consumer most of the time that would have been useful to the researcher. This ranges form time to financial resources limitation.

  • DEFINITION OF TERMS

Marketing: it is the identification and satisfaction of consumers needs and wants through exchange process.
Information: Information is anything capable of affecting the uncertainty associated with a given situation.
Objective: objective are broad and qualitative statement about the organization performance.
Goal: A goal refers to the end toward which activity is aimed
Data: Data is simply defined as any figure word letter, charts or symbols that attempt to convey a condition situation or idea.
Organization: an organization is a combination of people or individual effort working together in order to achieve an organizational goal.
System: System can be simply express as those parts, elements instruments that is attracted to the computer hardware and software to function property in order to bring result outcome
Computer System: Computer system is made up of software and hardware packages in order to produce result at the end of that processed and stored in the computer system for present and future use.

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