A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL COURT ACT 2006 UNDER THE NIGERIAN CONSTITUTION

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A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL COURT ACT 2006 UNDER THE NIGERIAN CONSTITUTION

ABSTRACT

 
The National Industrial Court (hereinafter referred to as the NIC) was established in 1976 by the Trade Disputes Decree No 7 of 1976 with jurisdiction to settle trade disputes, the interpretation of collective agreements and matters connected therewith. There were identifiable lapses in the status, powers and jurisdiction of the NIC that impacted negatively on its operations; the jurisdiction of the Court which was expressed to be exclusive was shared with the Federal and State High Courts, the Court lacked competence to make declarations and orders of injunction and thus seen as an inferior court. This state of affairs gave impetus to the enactment of the National Industrial Court Act 2006 (hereinafter called the NIC Act 2006) which granted the NIC a superior court status, with exclusive civil jurisdiction to deal with labour and other related matters. This NIC Act 2006 generated a lot of controversies in terms  of the exclusive jurisdiction and superior court status granted the Court by the Act, in view of the constitutional provisions thereof. Consequently, the Constitution (Third Alteration) Act 2010 was enacted to remedy the situation. The perceived problem that motivated this study is the heated controversy generated by the inadequacies of the NIC Act 2006.The objective of this work is to ascertain whether the Constitution Third Alteration Act 2010 addressed those inadequacies of the NIC Act 2006 and achieved the goal of institutionalizing the NIC as a specialised court for the resolution of labour labour disputes and other related matters, employment, industrial relations, and other related matters. The method employed was to examine the provisions of the NIC Act 2006 and that of the Constitution (Third) Alteration Act 2010. This work found out that though the Constitution (Third) Alteration Act 2010 corrected some of the lapses of the NIC Act 2006 and expanded the jurisdiction of the NIC, there still exist loopholes identified among others to include the inadequate Constitution of the NIC by at least 13 (thirteen) judges and lack of prescription by an Act of the National Assembly for appeals to the Court of Appeal over its decisions. It was recommended among others that the NIC should be constituted of not less than 37 Judges and that the National Assembly should make a prescription for appeals to the Court of Appeal from the decisions of the NIC.

LAW EASY AND DISSERTATIONS ON NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL COURT ACT 2006

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1.     BACKGROUND TO STUDY

 
The National Industrial Court, was established in 1976, by virtue of the Trade Disputes Decree No. 7 of 1976 (hereinafter referred to as the TDA) which, Decree was later amended by the Trade Disputes (Amendment) Act 1992.1 Later, it was included as Cap 432 in the 1990 edition of the laws of the Federation of Nigeria with jurisdiction to settle trade disputes, the interpretation of collective agreements and matters connected therewith.2
 
There were many obvious and identifiable lapses in the status, powers and jurisdiction of the NIC then that impacted negatively on its operations. The first, being the fact that, neither the 1979 nor the 1999 Constitution included the NIC as one of the courts in the country. Granted that section 19(2) of the TDA1990, which was inserted by Decree 47 of 1992 provided that, the NIC shall be a superior court of record. Lawyers and litigants disregarded these provisions by asking the Federal High Court to judicially review decisions reached at the NIC in a number of cases.3 The second is the referral requirement in commencing proceedings in the NIC which, means that, only the Minister of labour could initiate a case in the court in its original jurisdiction by way of referrals.4 The President of the NIC was required to preside over all theA CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL COURT ACT 2006 UNDER THE NIGERIAN CONSTITUTION
sittings of the Court.5 The practical effect of this was that adjudication of cases was totally dependent on the discretion and availability of the President. This means that, whenever, for any reason, the President was unable to sit, even if the Court could form a quorum, the case must be adjourned. The full import of this anomaly was brought to the fore in 2002 when the Court lost its President. For almost a year, the Court could not sit as a successor was not appointed.6
There was also the problem of dual procedures for the appointment of the President and other Judges of the Court. The NIC was the only Court then in the country with dual control over the mode of appointment of its judges, the President of Nigeria appoints its President on the recommendation of the Federal Judicial Service Commission7 while the other members were appointed by the President of Nigeria on the recommendation of the Minister of Labour.8
Apart from the foregoing, there was also the problem of the extent and scope of the subject- matter jurisdiction of the NIC. Though, Decree No. 47 of 1992 seemed to have brought within the purview of the NIC inter and intra union disputes, the courts held that, for the NIC to have jurisdiction over inter and intra union disputes, the disputes must qualify as trade disputes.9 Case law also created a lot of problems for the NIC in that it was held that the NIC then could not grant declaratory and injunctive reliefs.10 The implication is that although, the TDA,ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL COURT ACT 2006 UNDER THE NIGERIAN CONSTITUTION

THE IMPACT OF EXCHANGE RATE VOLATILITY ON SELECTED MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES IN NIGERIA

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THE IMPACT OF EXCHANGE RATE VOLATILITY ON SELECTED MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

Fluctuation in exchange rate has been a recognized catalyst that brings about change in other macroeconomic indicators. This phenomenon was underscored by series of mechanisms through which economic activities of a given country reflect on its exchange rate to other international currencies. In order to assess the empirical influence of rising fluctuation in exchange rate, this study focused on the impact of exchange rate volatility (EXV) on selected macroeconomic variables in Nigeria which included gross domestic product (GDP), foreign direct investment inflow (FDI), index of trade openness (TOP) and inflation rate (INF). The Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) were used in the study. Annual time series data from 1981 to 2015 were obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistics Bulletin 2015. Having carried out necessary pre- and post diagnostic tests, the results show that increase in exchange ratevolatility significantly decreased gross domestic product by about 0.003 per cent on average per annum. There is further evidence of short run and long run significant positive effect of exchange rate volatility on trade openness. Although EXV has both negative and positive relationship with FDI in the long run and short run respectively, its effect was considered insignificant. Similarly, EXV has insignificant positive effect on inflation rate. Lastly, while there is evidence of short run unidirectional causality from EXV to GDP and TOP respectively, the study found cases of independence between EXV and FDI on one hand and EXV and INF on the other hand. Above key findings led to the study’s conclusion, among other things, that exchange rate volatility is one of the major determinants of gross domestic product growth in Nigeria. As such, it was recommended that adequate effort should be made to minimize fluctuation in exchange rate through necessary fiscal and monetary policy as well as close monitoring of key players in the foreign exchange market

 ECONOMETRICS PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Exchange rate is the price of one country’s currency in relation to another country`s currency. It is the ratio between a unit of one currency and the amount of another currency for which that unit can be exchanged at a particulartime.Exchange rate is a key macroeconomic measure in the context of general economic reform programmes and its management has been a contemporary issue among academics and policy makers in recent time. For instance, the relationship between exchange rate and economic growth is of a crucial issue from both descriptive and policy perspectives. It is therefore not surprising that exchange rate is among the most watched, analyzed and government manipulated macroeconomic variable.
The extent to which exchange rate is managed can affect the growth and development of such country. As succinctly stated by Edwards (1994),it is not an understatement to postulate that the behaviour of exchange rate occupies an important position in government policy evaluation and design. Aron, Elbadawi and Kahn (2002)expressed that exchange rate has direct influence on employment, trade flow, balance of payments and the arrangement of production and consumption. On the other hand, exchange rate is an important determinant of the growth of cross-border trading of a country and it serves as a measure of its international competitiveness.
One of the most important aspects of currency exchange rates is the fluctuation in the value of a currency with respect to another. The value of a given currency rises and falls with supply and demand of that currency, which in turn, determines the exchange rate.Exchange rate movements have been a big concern for the public sector, foreign investors and private individuals since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system. In Nigeria, this system was replaced by a flexible exchange rates systemwith the introduction of the Structural Adjustment Progra-mme (SAP) of 1986in which the price of currencies was determined by the supply and demand of money. Thus, this led to the devaluation of naira and a free fall of naira against the United State dollar. Given the frequent changes of supply and demand influenced by numerous external factors, this new system increased the currency fluctuations (Grier & Mark, 2010).
According to Jhigan (2005), the variables that influence the exchange rate includes country’s exports, imports and structural influences. If country’s exports exceed imports, the demand for its currency rises and consequently, it has a positive impact on the exchange rate. On the other hand, if imports exceed exports, the desire for foreign currency rises and hence, exchange rate  for such country move-up. Undoubtedly, any measure that tends to increase the volume of exports more than the rate of import, will definitely raise the value of the domestic currency against other foreign currencies. Moreover, economies are getting more open with international tradingconstantly increasing and as a result, nations become more exposed to exchange rate fluctuations. Exchange rate volatility is the sensitivity of changes in the real domestic currency value of assets, liabilities or operating incomes to unanticipated changes in exchange rate (Dufour, 2010).
Fluctuations in exchange rates may have an adverse effect on macroeconomic variables such as inflation rate, unemployment, trade openness,economic growth rate, foreign direct investment (FDI) etc.Exchange rate uncertainty affects FDI through the channel that depreciation of the currency of host country against the home currency raises the relative wealth of foreigners thereby increasing the attractiveness of the host country for FDI as firms are able to acquire assets in the host country relatively cheaply. Thus a depreciation of the host currency should increase FDI in the host country, and conversely an appreciation of the host country’s currency should decrease FDI (Ullah, Haider & Azim, 2012).
Moreover, Exchange rate movements can influence domestic prices via their effects on aggregate supply and demand. On the supply side, exchange rates could affect prices paid by the domestic buyers of imported goods directly. In an open small economy (an international price taker), when the currency depreciates it will result in higher import prices and vice versa. Exchange rate fluctuations could have an indirect supply effect on domestic prices. The potentially higher cost of imported inputs associated with an exchange rate depreciation increases marginal cost and leads to higher prices of domestically produced goods (Hyder& Shah, 2004). Furthermore, import-competing firms might increase prices in response to an increase in foreign competitor price in order to improve profit margins. The extent of such price adjustment depends on a variety of factors such as market structure, nature of government exchange rate policy,  or product substitutability. Exchange rate variations can also affect aggregate demand. To a certain extent, exchange rate depreciate or appreciate foreign demand for domestic goods and services, causing increase or decrease in net exports and hence aggregate demand which may increase real output (Hyder & Shah, 2004). Furthermore, the expansion in domestic demand and gross  national product may increase input prices and accelerate wage demands by workers seeking higher wages to maintain real wages. The nominal wage rise may result in further price  increases.
There had been series of exchange rate policy reform by successive Nigerian government to promote macroeconomic stability and export growth. However, the effectiveness of these policies in achieving macroeconomic stability is questionable. The Nigeria exchange rate control Act was enacted in 1962. Though, the exchange rate system was in operation even before the establishment of the Central Bank of Nigeria in 1958. Before the enactment of exchange rate control Act of 1962 the foreign exchange earned by private sector were held in commercial  banks abroad. These commercial banks acted as agents for local exporters. However, due to the shortage in supply of foreign exchange between 1970 and 1980`s prompted the monetary authorities to initiate adequate measure in controlling the excessive demand of foreign exchange. Furthermore, a fixed exchange rate and a comprehensive exchange rate control were adopted in 1982. But the fixed exchange rate system was abandoned in September 26, 1986. This was because of the inability of the monetary authority to effectively control the increasing demand for foreign exchange to achieve internal balance.
The flexible and managed float regime was instigated in 1986 under the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP). This policy allowed exchange rate to float freely and to be determined by market forces. The monetary authorities were intervening intermittently in the Foreign Exchange (FOREX) market to ensure stability of the rate. Also foreign exchange market (FEM) was adopted in 1987 to ensure favorable external balance and to preserve the value of domestic currency. This led to the establishment of Bureau de change in 1989 with the aim of enlarging the scope of FEM. The above policies could not resolve the high pressure on the foreign exchange market. This led to another policy reversal in 1994 which encompassed the formal pegging of the Naira exchange rate, the centralization of foreign exchange in Central bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the restriction of Bureau de change to buy foreign exchange as an agent of CBN.
In addition, the monetary authorities went further to introduce a guided deregulation policy in 1995 that led to establishment of Autonomous Foreign Exchange Market (AFEM). AFEM was later transformed into Inter Bank Foreign Exchange Market (IFEM) in 1999. The guided deregulation policy also failed and this led to the introduction of Dutch Auction System in 2002. The Dutch auction system was introduced to solve the problem of persistent increase in demand for foreign exchange and relentless depletion of the country`s external reverses (Obadan, 2006). Also in May 2016 the monetary authorities reintroduced a flexible exchange rate where  exchange rate is allowed to be determined by demand and supply of foreign currency. This development was as a result of the failure of fixed exchange to address foreign exchange rate problem. Even the recent adopted flexible exchange policy have worsen the Nigeria economy as foreign exchange rate continues to fluctuates on daily bases and prices of goods continues to inflate on a high rate.
There is an argument by some economists that the above depreciation is attributed to the decline in the nation’s foreign exchange reserves, fragile export and weak production base. In contrast others are of the veiw that the recent decline in naira is attributed to the activities of speculators and banks. These practices have led to the fluctuation and misalignment in the real exchange rate. Thus, there is need to examine the impact of exchange rate volatility on some selected macroeconomic variable.

Statement of the problem

The effect of exchange rate volatility on macroeconomic variables in Nigeria is a major issue. There is a general consensus that exchange rate volatility causes problems for aggregate economic performance.However there is less agreement on the relationship between exchange rate volatility, economic growth and how it affects economic activities at the macroeconomic level. This has generated significant debate both theoretically and empirically. The level of the country’s exchange rate volatility is no longer the only problem, but the fact that exchange rate volatility has reached a crisis stage. Since the introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) of 1986, exchange rate has become so volatile in Nigeria and the recent rate of exchange rate has been a cause of great concern to many as Figure 1.1 shows.
THE IMPACT OF EXCHANGE RATE VOLATILITY ON SELECTED MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES IN NIGERIA

AUTOMATED TELEMONITORING SYSTEM FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN

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AUTOMATED TELEMONITORING SYSTEM FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN

Abstract

This is written to show the overall system of our project and gives information and direction for developing and designing  telemonitoring system for school children in the North East remote areas accessing the chronic diseases. This project work contains every stages of the system development life cycle of the project. Hence the topics are clearly defined as we sense and noticed anybody who wants to develop the system can use it as sample. It shows the system analysis methodology, process designing, and data base designing and logical designing techniques

CHAPTER  ONE/INTRODUCTION

Background to the  Study

Telemonitoring refers to the transmission of symptom scores, physiological data including heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and weight directly to care providers either via automated electronic means or by web-based or phone-based data entry. Over time these interventions have evolved from automated phone response systems to web, to interactive television-based systems, to mobile phone or PDA-based systems to complex systems, which wirelessly transmit recorded physiological data. Anker (2015 ) subclassified telemonitoring systems into those which function as nonreactive data collection devices (such as event recorders), those with a delayed analytic and decision-making structure (e.g., only within office hours), those with continuously operating analytic and decision-making infrastructure, and complex systems that integrate invasive and noninvasive data .
The headway of innovation in the field of healthcare has enhanced an incredible nature. Remote patient monitoring is a techniquefor medicinal services conveyance that utilizes the most recent advances in information technology to assemble persistentinformation outside of customary human services settings.
Patient’s health details exchanged and kept up with a secured data management system. Due to the growing population, the Tele-Monitoring System confronting the issue in Medicine Delivery Process and should be tended to Quality enhancement in Patient Empowerment and Medical information communication. Incorporated remote monitoring
solutions with alert and messaging frameworks can tell providers when patients are in steadyor basic conditions without the requirement for a medical clinic room. Remote checking can enhance the service of interminable sicknesses by estimating basic hazard markers, for example, glucose, circulatory strain, and so forth. These gadgets can likewise give health data generated by patients to doctors and keep patients educated on their wellbeing objectives. Medicinal services associations, especially clinics, can utilize remote checking to confine related healthcare cost, and cut downon the utilization of progressively costly services. These offices can extend their extent of administration and rest guaranteed that patients are keeping up a healthy status

COMPUTER SCIENCE PROJECT TOPICS AND THEIR RESEARCH MATERIALS

Statement of the Problem

Over the last couple of decades the healthcare monitoring system has drawn considerable attentions of the researchers. The growing trends in information and communication technology (ICT) applications have given birth to potential technologies (such as, Telemedicine, Telemonitoring and Tele-health etc.) which have replaced the traditional healthcare with more advanced digital healthcare system. Although these technologies have reshaped the healthcare scenarios at a good extent but none of them has fully succeeded in providing a complete, up-to-date and reliable telemonitoring frame-work in terms of cost, time and better real-time diagnosis. Consequently, most of the available technologies being practiced are used in parts which are equally expensive as well as time-consuming. 

Objectives of the study

The main objectives of this study is to investigate the Automated Telemonitoring system for school children

The specific objectives are:

  • To promote speedy communication of users within & between providers
  • To increase efficiency of employees in the hospital.
  • To eliminate distance and time barrier.
  • To reduce waiting time for sicked school children.
  • To promote speedy access of school children’s diagnostic history.
  • To increase patient data confidentiality and security.
  • To easily follow up the patient.
  • To reduce costs of travelling of chronic one patients

Scopes Of The Study

Although the telemonitoring system involves many things and activities that can be run within it, yet due to lack of time and space, we were not able to use this software in other operating systems apart from windows operating system (that is from windows XP to windows operating system of higher versions).

Limitations of the Study

This work meet several limitation factors such as
Financial constraints: This hinders the researcher from the beginning of this work. Lack of finance to get the needed materials and equipment for the study.
Inadequate Literature: The telemonitoring system is a new area of study yet to be explored by other academics. The researcher were thus faced with unavailability of previous research works from scholars.However, the limitations of this study does not in anyway affect the data and results of the study.
 

Informal security: it implications on urban safety

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Informal security: it implications on urban safety in Nigeria

Introduction
The  greatest  challenges  facing  the  world  in  the  21st  Century”  are  poverty,  inequality, insecurity  and  climate  change  (Beal  and  Fox,  2009).  With  more  than  half  of  the  world’s population living in  urban areas, the reality of  the 21st Century cities is  that  these issues will impact  strongly  on cities  and as  Yunusa (2010)  submitted,  the battle  against these  mutually reinforcing situations shall be won or. lost in cities.
Urban insecurity threatens the quality of life, human rights, social and economic stability and sustainable development in cities around the world (UN Habitat, 2005). This is especially true in developing countries that are doubly burdened with high poverty rates and many informal settlements. The poor  are the worst  affected by  urban crime and  violence, regardless  of their geographical location (Ki Moon, 2007). Literature further attested to the fact that usually, areas of  the city  that  are  most blighted  by violence  also  happen  to be  the  poorest  (Briceno-Leon Zubillaga 2002, Winton, 2004).
 
Security is a pre-condition for urban development (DFID, 2006). In fact, according to UNDP (2007), peace can only be achieved when cities have achieved victory on the security front where victory spells freedom from fear as well as on the economic and social front where victory means freedom  from  want.  Therefore,  understanding  the  relationships  among urban  poverty,  urban insecurity and urban development are important research focus, especially in Nigeria, where over 70% of  her population live below the poverty line in the over 400 slums scattered across her cities and are daily confronted with a deteriorating public security situation.
The security situation in Nigeria has exacerbated in recent times, and this has manifested in high crimes  rates as  well as  astonishing frequency  in  incidents of  kidnapping and  terrorism.
Between  January 20,  2012  and February  21,  2013,  the  News  Analysis Portal  of  the UnitedNations (IRIN, 2013) recorded 193 terror related incidents in  Northern  Nigeria,  mostly in  thecapital  cities  of  Abuja,  Damaturu,  Kaduna,  Kano  and  Maiduguri.  The  Africa  Insurance
Organization (2012) also reported that Nigeria was the 2012 ‘kidnap for ransom’ capital of the world, accounting for a quarter of globally reported cases. Furthermore, with a rapidly growing young population, the threat of violence continues to be a real challenge. A cursory analysis of news reports points to increasing cases of domestic violence, child abuse, proliferation of youth gangs, corruption and various forms of organized crime.

GET THE FULL PROJECT TOPICS ON Informal security: it implications on urban safety in Nigeria

The World Bank’s (2011) position is that if decisive action is not taken, the scale of urban violence can  eclipse that of  open warfare. For  millions of people  in cities of  the developing world, violence, or the fear of violence, is a daily reality (UN Habitat, 2007). Rising urban crime across  Africa  contributes  to  pervasive  fears  that  impede  commerce,  fray  social  capital,  and undermine  normal  urban  activity  (Baker  (2010).  The  Global  Report on  Human  Settlements ‘(2007) estimated that 60% of all urban residents have been victims of crime, with 70% of them in  Asia  and  Africa.  Alemika  and  Chukwuma  (2012)  from  a  2012  nationwide  criminal victimization survey discovered that while 75% of Nigerian urban residents lived in fear of being victims of crime, 31% were victims in the past year.
N3000     N8500

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDEPENDENCE AND POST-INDEPENDENCE CONSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA

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A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDEPENDENCE AND POST-INDEPENDENCE CONSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA

INTRODUCTION
The conference which became the last constitutional conference held before the attainment of Independence in 1960, also took place in London from September 29 to October 27, 1958. The resumed constitutional conference of 1958 was the last Nigerian constitutional conference held before the attainment of Independence in 1960. It was convened to consider the report of the Willink’s commission on the minority the conference resolved among other issues, that the Northern part of Nigeria should be self-governing by 1959 and that if a resolution was passed by the parliament asking for independence, in 1960, then her majesty government would propose a bill of independence in 1960. In December, 1959, a nationwide general election was held into the Federal House of Representatives. In the election, no single party won an over all majority as was the case in 1954, while in September, 1960, the parliament has enacted a law on Nigeria’s independence.
N3000
N15,000

ANALYSIS OF THE PRE-COLONIAL POLITICAL SYSTEM IN HAUSA-FULANI LAND

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ANALYSIS OF THE PRE-COLONIAL POLITICAL SYSTEM IN HAUSA-FULANI LAND

INTRODUCTION
The Hausa land, before 1804, was made up of fourteen towns grouped into two. The first group of seven was called Hausa Bakwai while the other group of seven was balled Banza Bakwai. The Fulani took over the political leadership of the Hausa or Habe states in the early 19th century. The Jihad that preceded this occupation was seen as religious as well as political. Othman Dan Fodio led the Fulani Jihad and took over the political leadership of the Hausa/Habe and established the Sokoto caliphate with outstanding centralized political system of government. He introduced a new system of selecting andppointing rulers described as Emirs to rule the caliphate. Each of the Emirs owed allegiance to Dan Fodio and his two representatives at Sokoto and Gwandu. The Fulanis settled in Hausa land and intermarried with the Hausa people after conquering them and this was how the name Hausa-Fulani came about.

Othman Dan Fodio led the Fulani Jihad

HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF NIGERIAN STATE: PRE-COLONIAL ERA (WESTERN, EASTERN AND NORTHERN NIGERIA)

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HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF NIGERIAN STATE A STUDY OF PRE-COLONIAL ERA (WESTERN, EASTERN AND NORTHERN NIGERIA)

BRIEF ABSTRACT

In West Africa before the invasion of the continent by the European nations, there was established system of government referred to as traditional political system in several parts of Nigeria. These advanced and orderly systems of government had all the principal organs of government with established principles of checks and balances characterizing some of them. In Nigeria, prior to the coming of the Europeans and carving her out of a mixture of different states had about two hundred and fifty (250) ethnic groups. And each of the ethnic groups maintained a different and independent system of administration.
THIS WORK IS N15,000

A Critical Appraisal Of Political and Constitutional Development in Nigeria

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A Critical Appraisal Of Political and Constitutional Development in Nigeria

INTRODUCTION

The historical background of Nigerian government and politics involves the precolonial era and the colonial era in Nigeria. The pre-colonial era is the period before the coming of the colonial masters to Nigeria while the colonial era is the period that colonial administration was established in the country (Nigeria). Before the advent of the European Colonial Masters on the coast of West Africa; there was established various system of government referred to as traditional political system in several parts of Nigeria and other parts of West Africa. These orderly advanced systems of government had all the organs of government established the principles of checks and character izing some of them. Nigeria, prior to the imposition of the British colonial rule and carving the subsequent as a conglomeration of states, had about two hundred and fifty ethnic groups. Each of the ethnic groups maintained a different and independent system of administration. In this study, therefore, we shall limit our discussions to the three majority ethnic groups of Hausa – Fulani, Yoruba and Igbo in Nigeria. For example the system of government of the old Oyo Empire (Yoruba land) in the period before 1800 was like most other kingdoms and empires that existed in Africa. It was monarchical in nature, based on the not too easy to run principle of checks and balances. It is therefore, total fallacious and misleading the view expressed that Africans had no system of government before their invasion of the African continent. The colonial era, was the period British held sway in Nigeria. The scramble for and the partitioning of West Africa by the European powers acted as the genesis of the establishment of the colonial administration in West Africa. A part from Liberia, the whole West African countries were under the rulership of Britain, France, Germany at some time and Portugal. These nations shared out West African countries as a result of its partitioning that took place during the Berlin Conference of 1884 and 1885. In response to the call made at the 1890 Brussel Conference, the European nations that shared out West African countries, sent their officials to these territories for effective occupation and that was the commencement of the colonial rule or indirect rule in West Africa. Therefore, the period of 1885 to 1950s served as the period of indirect rule in West Africa. This period witnessed political and economic dehumanization for the people of West Africa. This explains why the colonial era has a great impact on the pattern of administration in Nigeria

An Appraisal Of Macpherson Constitution of 1951 in Nigeria

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An Appraisal Of Macpherson Constitution of 1951 in Nigeria

Sir Macpherson became the new governor of Nigeria after Sir Richards and he made adequate arrangements not to repeat the mistakes that led to the opposition and criticism that greeted Richards’s constitution.
In March 1949, a selected committee of the legislative council was set up to examine problems that may likely face the introduction of a new constitution. The committee agreed that a wider measure of consultation with the people right from the village level should be followed.

FEATURES OF THE MACPHERSON CONSTITUTION

  • A central legislature and a central executive were established for the country.
  • Each region had a legislature and an executive council.
  • The centre of the House of Representatives (uni-cameral) had a governor as president, six (6) official members, and one hundred and thirty-six (136) members elected from regional houses.
  • The executive (council of ministers) had a governor as president, twelve (12) ministers, and six (6) ex-official members. Each region appointed four (4) ministers.

MERITS OF THE MACPHERSON CONSTITUTION

  1. The constitution encouraged a wider representation of each of the regions in the House of Representatives.
  2. The constitution made Nigerian ministers at both central and regional levels for the first time.
  3. The drafting of the constitution was preceded by a widespread consultation.
  4. It laid the framework for true federalism by regions and the central government.
  5. It introduced a new central body called the House of Representatives.

CRITICISM OF THE MACPHERSON CONSTITUTION

  1. It failed to provide a responsible government at the centre.
  2. Nigerian ministers had no executive control over their departments.
  3. It encouraged indirect election of legislators at national and regional levels.
  4. The veto power of the governor still remaine

Entrepreneurship Education Programme And Its Impact On Graduate Student's Business Success In Nigeria

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Entrepreneurship Education Programme And Its Impact On Graduate Student’s Business Success In Nigeria

INTRODUCTION

Entrepreneurship education programme in Nigeria seems to be pursued largely in Tertiary Institutions with a number of Polytechnics, Colleges of Education, Monotechnics, Professional Institutes and Universities offering one or few entrepreneurship courses and/or programs. Entrepreneurship Education has been an important research field among developed academics for a considerable length of time. The prolonged and heightened interest in the field of entrepreneurship is impelled by several factors: some being, as a means of revitalizing stagnated economies; stimulating developing economies and coping with unemployment problems by providing new job opportunities for graduates and the likes. In developing economies, such as Nigeria, entrepreneurship education in tertiary institutions is still at its infancy and can be seen as an engine of economic progress, job creation, and social adjustment among others. With the Nigerian economy being in transition, into the new democracy, Small business start-ups are accounting for an increasingly greater proportion of economic activity in the country (Tende, 2015).

Complete Project Topics:Entrepreneurship Education Programme And Its Impact On Graduate Student’s Business Success In Nigeria

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